Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-k7p5g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T00:15:22.692Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The influence of managerial attributions on corporate entrepreneurship

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2022

Parvathi Jayamohan
Affiliation:
Bertolon School of Business, Salem State University, Salem, MA 01970, USA
Todd Moss
Affiliation:
Department of Entrepreneurship & Emerging Enterprises, Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
Alexander McKelvie
Affiliation:
Department of Entrepreneurship & Emerging Enterprises, Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
Michael Hyman*
Affiliation:
Girard School of Business, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Michael Hyman, E-mail: hymanm@merrimack.edu

Abstract

We use attribution theory to show that firms that make more internal attributions to positive performance outcomes engage slack resources more freely for corporate entrepreneurship (CE) than firms that make fewer of such attributions. In addition, we show that the way in which companies make external attributions to performance outcomes moderates this relationship. To examine this empirically, we explore how top management teams discuss the factors that contribute to firm performance. Specifically, we look at attributions provided in the Management's Discussion and Analysis section of the annual reports of 144 pharmaceutical firms over a 2-year period. In line with our predictions, we find that greater internal attribution to positive performance outcomes leads to increased use of slack resources for CE. Furthermore, we find that this effect is stronger when firms make more external attributions to negative performance outcomes than positive performance outcomes.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmed, S. U. (1985). nAch, risk-taking propensity, locus of control and entrepreneurship. Personality and Individual Differences, 6(6), 781782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alessandri, T. M., & Pattit, J. M. (2014). Drivers of R&D investment: The interaction of behavioral theory and managerial incentives. Journal of Business Research, 67(2), 151158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amit, R., & Schoemaker, P. J. (1993). Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14(1), 3346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baginski, S. P., Hassell, J. M., & Hillison, W. A. (2000). Voluntary causal disclosures: Tendencies and capital market reaction. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 15(4), 371389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baginski, S. P., Hassell, J. M., & Kimbrough, M. D. (2004). Why do managers explain their earnings forecasts? Journal of Accounting Research, 42(1), 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, V.L. III, & Barr, P.S. (2002). Linking top manager attributions to strategic reorientation in declining firms attempting turnarounds. Journal of Business Research, 55(12), 963979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, R. A. (1998). Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: Why and when entrepreneurs think differently than other people. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 275294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, P. S., Stimpert, J. L., & Huff, A. S. (1992). Cognitive change, strategic action, and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 13(S1), 1536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, M., & Leker, J. (2013). Exploration and exploitation in product and process innovation in the chemical industry. R&D Management, 43(3), 196212.Google Scholar
Baumann, J., & Kritikos, A. S. (2016). The link between R&D, innovation and productivity: Are micro firms different? Research Policy, 45(6), 12631274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettman, J. R., & Weitz, B. A. (1983). Attributions in the board room: Causal reasoning in corporate annual reports. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(2), 165183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive and negative events: An integrative review. In Baumeister, R. F. (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 5585). NY: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, M. K. (1993). Organizational innovation and substandard performance: When is necessity the mother of innovation? Organization Science, 4(1), 5775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, S., Harhoff, D., & Van Reenen, J. (2005). Investment, R&D and financial constraints in Britain and Germany. Annales d'Economie et de Statistique, 79/80, 433460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnett, C., & Furnham, A. (1991). Who wants to be an entrepreneur? A study of adolescents interested in a young enterprise scheme. Journal of Economic Psychology, 12(3), 465478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bougheas, S., Görg, H., & Strobl, E. (2003). Is R&D financially constrained? Theory and evidence from Irish manufacturing. Review of Industrial Organization, 22(2), 159174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, S. W., Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2011). Swinging a double-edged sword: The effect of slack on entrepreneurial management and growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(5), 537554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromiley, P. (2010). Looking at prospect theory. Strategic Management Journal, 31(12), 13571370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromiley, P., & Washburn, M. (2011). Cost reduction vs innovative search in R&D. Journal of Strategy and Management, 4(3), 196214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabral, J. J., Francis, B. B., & Kumar, M. V. S. (2020). The impact of managerial job security on corporate entrepreneurship: Evidence from corporate venture capital programs. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 15(1), 2848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardon, M. S., Stevens, C. E., & Potter, D. R. (2011). Misfortunes or mistakes? Cultural sensemaking of entrepreneurial failure. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(1), 7992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carton, R. B., & Hofer, C. W. (2010). Organizational financial performance: Identifying and testing multiple dimensions. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 16(1), 122.Google Scholar
Cassar, G., & Craig, J. (2009). An investigation of hindsight bias in nascent venture activity. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(2), 149164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cesaroni, F., Minin, A. D., & Piccaluga, A. (2005). Exploration and exploitation strategies in industrial R&D. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14(3), 222232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, G. N., Keller, C., & Lyon, D. W. (2000). Unraveling the determinants and consequences of an innovation-supportive organizational culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(1), 5976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chebbi, H., Yahiaoui, D., Sellami, M., Papasolomou, I., & Melanthiou, Y. (2020). Focusing on internal stakeholders to enable the implementation of organizational change towards corporate entrepreneurship: A case study from France. Journal of Business Research, 119, 209217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, W. R. (2008). Determinants of firms’ backward-and forward-looking R&D search behavior. Organization Science, 19(4), 609622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, W. R., & Miller, K. D. (2007). Situational and institutional determinants of firms’ R&D search intensity. Strategic Management Journal, 28(4), 369381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, J. L., & Kesner, I. F. (1997). Organizational slack and response to environmental shifts: The impact of resource allocation patterns. Journal of Management, 23(1), 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chowhan, J., Pries, F., & Mann, S. (2017). Persistent innovation and the role of human resource management practices, work organization, and strategy. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(3), 456471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, G. H., Choi, J. N., & Du, J. (2017). Tired of innovations? Learned helplessness and fatigue in the context of continuous streams of innovation implementation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(7), 11301148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciftci, M., & Cready, W. M. (2011). Scale effects of R&D as reflected in earnings and returns. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 52(1), 6280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clapham, S. E., & Schwenk, C. R. (1991). Self-serving attributions, managerial cognition, and company performance. Strategic Management Journal, 12(3), 219229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clatworthy, M., & Jones, M. J. (2003). Financial reporting of good news and bad news: Evidence from accounting narratives. Accounting and Business Research, 33(3), 171185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuervo-Cazurra, A., & Un, C. A. (2010). Why some firms never invest in formal R&D. Strategic Management Journal, 31(7), 759779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daft, R. L., & Weick, K. E. (1984). Toward a model of organizations as interpretation systems. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 284295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalziel, T., Gentry, R. J., & Bowerman, M. (2011). An integrated agency–resource dependence view of the influence of directors’ human and relational capital on firms’ R&D spending. Journal of Management Studies, 48(6), 12171242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damanpour, F., & Aravind, D. (2006). Product and process innovations: A review of organizational and environmental determinants. In Hage, J. & Meeus, M. (Eds.), Innovation, science, and institutional change: A research handbook (pp. 3866). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, P., Bloom, M., & Hillman, A. J. (2007). Investor activism, managerial responsiveness, and corporate social performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(1), 91100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiMasi, J. A., Hansen, R. W., & Grabowski, H. G. (2003). The price of innovation: New estimates of drug development costs. Journal of Health Economics, 22(2), 151185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimick, D. E., & Murray, V. V. (1978). Correlates of substantive policy decisions in organizations: The case of human resource management. Academy of Management Journal, 21(4), 611623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diochon, M., Menzies, T. V., & Gasse, Y. (2007). Attributions and success in new venture creation among Canadian nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 20(4), 335350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunlap-Hinkler, D., Kotabe, M., & Mudambi, R. (2010). A story of breakthrough versus incremental innovation: Corporate entrepreneurship in the global pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(2), 106127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggers, J. P., & Kaplan, S. (2009). Cognition and renewal: Comparing CEO and organizational effects on incumbent adaptation to technical change. Organization Science, 20(2), 461477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggers, J. P., & Song, L. (2015). Dealing with failure: Serial entrepreneurs and the costs of changing industries between ventures. Academy of Management Journal, 58(6), 17851803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filatotchev, I., & Piesse, J. (2009). R&D, internationalization and growth of newly listed firms: European evidence. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(8), 12601276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A for Author. (2017). [Title omitted for blind review].Google Scholar
Ford, J. D. (1985). The effects of causal attributions on decision makers’ responses to performance downturns. Academy of Management Review, 10(4), 770786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrett, R. P., & Holland, D. V. (2015). Environmental effects on the cognitions of corporate and independent entrepreneurs. Small Business Economics, 45(2), 369381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrett, R., Mattingly, S., Hornsby, J., & Aghaey, A. (2020). Impact of relatedness, uncertainty and slack on corporate entrepreneurship decisions. Management Decision, 59(5), 11141131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., & Liao, J. J. (2008). Opportunities as attributions: Categorizing strategic issues from an attributional perspective. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(4), 301315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatewood, E. J., Shaver, K. G., & Gartner, W. B. (1995). A longitudinal study of cognitive factors influencing start-up behaviors and success at venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(5), 371391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geiger, S. W., & Cashen, L. H. (2002). A multidimensional examination of slack and its impact on innovation. Journal of Managerial Issues, 14(1), 6884.Google Scholar
Geiger, S. W., & Makri, M. (2006). Exploration and exploitation innovation processes: The role of organizational slack in R&D intensive firms. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 17(1), 97108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentry, R. J., & Shen, W. (2013). The impacts of performance relative to analyst forecasts and analyst coverage on firm R&D intensity. Strategic Management Journal, 34(1), 121130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, G. (2005). Slack resources and the performance of privately held firms. Academy of Management Journal, 48(4), 661676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, J., Henske, P., & Singh, A. (2003). Rebuilding big pharma's business model. In Vivo: The Business & Medicine Report, 21(10), 110.Google Scholar
Grabowski, H., & Vernon, J. (1996). Longer patents for increased generic competition in the U.S.: The Waxman-hatch act after one decade. Pharmacoeconomics, 10, 110123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greve, H. R. (2003). A behavioral theory of R&D expenditures and innovations: Evidence from shipbuilding. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 685702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudjonsson, G. H., & Singh, K. K. (1989). The revised Gudjonsson blame attribution inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 10(1), 6770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hao, K. Y., & Jaffe, A. B. (1993). Effect of liquidity on firms’ R&D spending. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2(4), 275282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, M., & Hassan, A. (2006). Application of real options analysis for pharmaceutical R&D project valuation – empirical results from a survey. Research Policy, 35(3), 343354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, P., & Martinko, M. J. (2009). Attribution theory and motivation. In Borkowski, N. (Ed.), Organizational behavior, theory and design in healthcare (pp. 143158). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.Google Scholar
Heider, F. (1958). Interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, R. M., Bromiley, P., Devers, C. E., Holcomb, T. R., & McGuire, J. B. (2011). Management theory applications of prospect theory: Accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities. Journal of Management, 37(4), 10691107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., Shepherd, D. A., & Bott, J. P. (2009). Managers’ corporate entrepreneurial actions: Examining perception and position. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), 236247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). Middle managers’ perception of the internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship: Assessing a measurement scale. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3), 253273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoskisson, R. E., & Hitt, M. A. (1988). Strategic control systems and relative R&D investment in large multiproduct firms. Strategic Management Journal, 9(6), 605621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoskisson, R. E., Hitt, M. A., Johnson, R. A., & Grossman, W. (2002). Conflicting voices: The effects of institutional ownership heterogeneity and internal governance on corporate innovation strategies. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 697716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ireland, R. D., Covin, J. G., & Kuratko, D. F. (2009). Conceptualizing corporate entrepreneurship strategy. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(1), 1946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D., & Lovallo, D. (1993). Timid choices and bold forecasts: A cognitive perspective on risk taking. Management Science, 39(1), 1731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica (Pre-1986), 47(2), 263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanter, R. (1985). Supporting innovation and venture development in established companies. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(1), 4760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufmann, P. J., Welsh, D. H., & Bushmarin, N. V. (1995). Locus of control and entrepreneurship in the Russian republic. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(1), 4356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keashly, L., & Neuman, J. H. (2008). Aggression at the service delivery interface: Do you see what I see? Journal of Management & Organization, 14(2), 180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keil, T., Maula, M., Schildt, H., & Zahra, S. A. (2008). The effect of governance modes and relatedness of external business development activities on innovative performance. Strategic Management Journal, 29(8), 895907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, H. H., & Michela, J. L. (1980). Attribution theory and research. Annual Review of Psychology, 31(1), 457501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, N. F. (2003). The cognitive psychology of entrepreneurship. In Acs, Z. J. & Audretsch, D. B. (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 105140). Boston, MA: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuratko, D. F. (2007). Corporate entrepreneurship. Hanover, MA: Now Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & McKelvie, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial mindset in corporate entrepreneurship: Forms, impediments, and actions for research. Journal of Small Business Management, 123.Google Scholar
Lai, L. M. (1994). The Norwegian banking crisis: Managerial escalation of decline and crisis. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 10(4), 397408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latham, S. F., & Braun, M. R. (2008). The performance implications of financial slack during economic recession and recovery: Observations from the software industry (2001–2003). Journal of Managerial Issues, 20(1), 3050.Google Scholar
Lee, R. T., Brotheridge, C. M., Brees, J. R., Mackey, J., & Martinko, M. J. (2013). An attributional perspective of aggression in organizations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(3), 252272.Google Scholar
Lee, C. L., & Wu, H. C. (2016). How do slack resources affect the relationship between R&D expenditures and firm performance? R&D Management, 46(3), 958978.Google Scholar
Lehmberg, D., & Tangpong, C. (2020). Do top management performance attribution patterns matter to subsequent organizational outcomes? A two-country study of attribution in economic crisis. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(5), 736755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, F. (2010a). Managers’ self-serving attribution bias and corporate financial policies, Working paper. http://Www.Mccombs.Utexas.Edu/~/Media/Files/MSB/Departments/Accounting/Workshop%20Papers/Li_Feng.Ashx.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, F. (2010b). Textual analysis of corporate disclosures: A survey of the literature. Journal of Accounting Literature, 29, 143165.Google Scholar
Libby, R., & Rennekamp, K. (2012). Self-serving attribution bias, overconfidence, and the issuance of management forecasts. Journal of Accounting Research, 50(1), 197231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2004). What should we do about motivation theory? Six recommendations for the twenty-first century. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 388403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mantere, S., Aula, P., Schildt, H., & Vaara, E. (2013). Narrative attributions of entrepreneurial failure. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(4), 459473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinko, M. J., & Gardner, W. L. (1987). The leader/member attribution process. Academy of Management Review, 12(2), 235249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGrath, R. G. (2002). Entrepreneurship, small firms and wealth creation: A framework using real options reasoning. In Pettigrew, A. M., Thomas, H. & Whittington, R. (Eds.), Handbook of strategy and management (pp. 299325). London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Michalisin, M. D., Karau, S. J., & Tangpong, C. (2004). The effects of performance and team cohesion on attribution: A longitudinal simulation. Journal of Business Research, 57(10), 11081115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P. P., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. B. (2002). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition: Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 27(2), 93104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moncada-Paternò-Castello, P., Ciupagea, C., Smith, K., Tübke, A., & Tubbs, M. (2010). Does Europe perform too little corporate R&D? A comparison of EU and non-EU corporate R&D performance. Research Policy, 39(4), 523536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 5175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nason, R., McKelvie, A., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2015). The role of organizational size in the heterogeneous nature of corporate entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 45(2), 279304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nightingale, P. (2000). Economies of scale in experimentation: Knowledge and technology in pharmaceutical R&D. Industrial and Corporate Change, 9(2), 315359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nohria, N., & Gulati, R. (1996). Is slack good or bad for innovation? Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 12451264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nottenburg, G., & Fedor, D. B. (1983). Scarcity in the environment: Organizational perceptions, interpretations and responses. Organization Studies, 4(4), 317337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, R. M. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality & Quantity, 41(5), 673690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osiyevskyy, O., & Dewald, J. (2015). Explorative versus exploitative business model change: The cognitive antecedents of firm-level responses to disruptive innovation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(1), 5878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, S. C. (2009). Can cognitive biases explain venture team homophily? Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(1), 6783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patzelt, H., Shepherd, D. A., Deeds, D., & Bradley, S. W. (2008). Financial slack and venture managers’ decisions to seek a new alliance. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(4), 465481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavitt, K. (1984). Sectoral patterns of technical change: Towards a taxonomy and a theory. Research Policy, 13(6), 343373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phan, P. H., Wright, M., Ucbasaran, D., & Tan, W. L. (2009). Corporate entrepreneurship: Current research and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), 197205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renaud, P. E., Narkier, S. D., & Bot, S. D. (2013). Enabling sustainable improvement in IT entrepreneurship. Technology Innovation Management Review, 3(6), 2838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richtnér, A., Åhlström, P., & Goffin, K. (2014). “squeezing R&D”: A study of organizational slack and knowledge creation in NPD, using the SECI model. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(6), 12681290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riolli, L., & Sommer, S. M. (2010). Group attributional style: A predictor of individual turnover behavior in a manufacturing setting. Journal of Business and Management, 16(1), 5173.Google Scholar
Salancik, G. R., & Meindl, J. R. (1984). Corporate attributions as strategic illusions of management control. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(2), 238254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sathe, V. (1989). Fostering entrepreneurship in the large, diversified firm. Organizational Dynamics, 18(1), 2032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seligman, M. (1990). Learned optimism. NY: Knopf.Google Scholar
Short, J. C., Payne, G. T., Brigham, K. H., Lumpkin, G. T., & Broberg, J. C. (2009). Family firms and entrepreneurial orientation in publicly traded firms: A comparative analysis of the S&P 500. Family Business Review, 22(1), 924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, M., & Houghton, S. M. (2003). The relationship between overconfidence and the introduction of risky products: Evidence from a field study. Academy of Management Journal, 46(2), 139149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simsek, Z., Veiga, J. F., & Lubatkin, M. H. (2007). The impact of managerial environmental perceptions on corporate entrepreneurship: Towards understanding discretionary slack's pivotal role. Journal of Management Studies, 44(8), 13981424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sougiannis, T. (1994). The accounting-based valuation of corporate R&D. The Accounting Review, 69(1), 4468.Google Scholar
Staw, B. M. (1976). Knee-deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(1), 2744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staw, B. M. (1981). The escalation of commitment to a course of action. Academy of Management Review, 6(4), 577587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swift, T. (2016). The perilous leap between exploration and exploitation. Strategic Management Journal, 37(8), 16881698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, J., & Peng, M. W. (2003). Organizational slack and firm performance during economic transitions: Two studies from an emerging economy. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 12491263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, J., Tang, Z., & Lohrke, F. T. (2008). Developing an entrepreneurial typology: The roles of entrepreneurial alertness and attributional style. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 273294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trevelyan, R. (2011). Self-efficacy and effort in new venture development. Journal of Management & Organization, 17(1), 216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Flores, M. (2010). The nature of entrepreneurial experience, business failure and comparative optimism. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(6), 541555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voutsinas, I., Tsamadias, C., Carayannis, E., & Staikouras, C. (2018). Does research and development expenditure impact innovation? Theory, policy and practice insights from the Greek experience. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(1), 159171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wales, W. J., Monsen, E., & McKelvie, A. (2011). The organizational pervasiveness of entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 35(5), 895923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiner, B., & Kukla, A. (1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15(1), 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiner, B., Russell, D., & Lerman, D. (1979). The cognition–emotion process in achievement-related contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(7), 12111220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 48(4), 817838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(1), 7191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, T. A., Thorgren, S., & Lindh, I. (2020). Rising from failure, staying down, or more of the same? An inductive study of entrepreneurial reentry. Academy of Management Discoveries, 6(4), 631662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wunderley, L. J., Reddy, W. B., & Dember, W. N. (1998). Optimism and pessimism in business leaders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(9), 751760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamakawa, Y., Peng, M. W., & Deeds, D. L. (2015). Rising from the ashes: Cognitive determinants of venture growth after entrepreneurial failure. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 39(2), 209236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahra, S. A. (1995). Corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance: The case of management leveraged buyouts. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(3), 225247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahra, S. A. (1996). Governance, ownership, and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating impact of industry technological opportunities. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6), 17131735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahra, S. A., & Covin, J. G. (1995). Contextual influences on the corporate entrepreneurship-performance relationship: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(1), 4358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahra, S. A., Hayton, J. C., & Salvato, C. (2004). Entrepreneurship in family vs. non–family firms: A resource-based analysis of the effect of organizational culture. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 28(4), 363381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar