Hostname: page-component-6d856f89d9-fb4gq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T06:58:53.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Sense and sensibility: How CEOs construct meaning through symbols in organizational change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2022

Yu Wang
Affiliation:
School of Business, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
David Diwei Lv*
Affiliation:
School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Christina W. Y. Wong
Affiliation:
Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
*
Author for correspondence: David Diwei Lv, E-mail: lvdiwei@163.com

Abstract

This paper investigates the rational and emotional functions of symbols in organizational change and how collective sensemaking and acceptance of organizational changes are facilitated by the emotional functioning of executive symbolism. Evidence from archived data, news reports, reviews, and case studies are used to support our theoretical analysis. Our opinion is that the CEO can incorporate symbols into not only the rational calculation process to convey the benefits and losses of organizational changes but also the emotional identification process to create new emotional connections and reduce the resistance of the members to organizational changes. We describe why and when the implementation of symbolism will gain the acceptance of members toward organizational change and explain the scenarios that apply for the two functions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ashforth, B. E., & Gibbs, B. W. (1990). The double-edge of organizational legitimation. Organization Science, 1(2), 177194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballinger, G. A., & Marcel, J. J. (2010). The use of an interim CEO during succession episodes and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 31(3), 262283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, P.-O. (1986). Symbolic management of human resources. Human Resource Management, 25(4), 557579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, G. R. (2001). Telling stories: Making sense of the environmental behavior of chemical firms. Journal of Management Inquiry, 10(1), 5873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bovey, W. H., & Hede, A. (2001). Resistance to organisational change: The role of defence mechanisms. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(7), 534548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromiley, P., Koumakhov, R., Rousseau, D. M., & Starbuck, W. H. (2019). The challenges of March and Simon's organizations: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Management Studies, 56(8), 15171526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burris, B. H. (1989). Technocratic organization and control. Organization Studies, 10(1), 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J. T., & Weese, M. L. (2017). Compositional models and organizational research: Application of a mixture model to nonexperimental data in the context of CEO Pay. Organizational Research Methods, 20(1), 95120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlisle, Y., & Baden-Fuller, C. (2004). Re-applying beliefs: An analysis of change in the oil industry. Organization Studies, 25(6), 9871019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornelissen, J. P., & Clarke, J. S. (2010). Imagining and rationalizing opportunities: Inductive reasoning and the creation and justification of new ventures. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 539557.Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J. P., Oswick, C., Thøger Christensen, L., & Phillips, N. (2008). Metaphor in organizational research: Context, modalities and implications for research – introduction. Organization Studies, 29(1), 722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courpasson, D., Dany, F., & Clegg, S. (2012). Resisters at work: Generating productive resistance in the workplace. Organization Science, 23(3), 801819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courpasson, D., & Marti, I. (2019). Collective ethics of resistance: The organization of survival in the Warsaw Ghetto. Organization, 26(6), 853872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davenport, S., & Leitch, S. (2005). Circuits of power in practice: Strategic ambiguity as delegation of authority. Organization Studies, 26(11), 16031623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erwin, D. G., & Garman, A. N. (2010). Resistance to organizational change: Linking research and practice. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(1), 3956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, R. T. (2021). A brief history of dress codes in the workplace. Fortune.Google Scholar
Gerstner, L. V. Jr. (2002). Who says elephants can't dance? Inside IBM's historic turnaround. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Gioia, D. A., & Chittipeddi, K. (1991). Sensemaking and sensegiving in strategic change initiation. Strategic Management Journal, 12(6), 433448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giuliani, M. (2016). Sensemaking, sensegiving and sensebreaking. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 17(2), 218237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golden, B. R. (1992). The past is the past – or is it? The use of retrospective accounts as indicators of past strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 35(4), 848860.Google ScholarPubMed
Gomez, P.-Y., & Jones, B. C. (2000). Crossroads – conventions: An interpretation of deep structure in organizations. Organization Science, 11(6), 696708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graebner, M. E. (2004). Momentum and serendipity: How acquired leaders create value in the integration of technology firms. Strategic Management Journal, 25(8–9), 751777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guldiken, O., Fainshmidt, S., Mallon, M. R., Judge, W. Q., & Clark, C. E. (2019). Beyond tokenism: How strategic leaders influence more meaningful gender diversity on boards of directors. Strategic Management Journal, 40(12), 20242046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambrick, D. C., & Lovelace, J. B. (2018). The role of executive symbolism in advancing new strategic themes in organizations: A social influence perspective. Academy of Management Review, 43(1), 110131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, R. C., & Levenhagen, M. (1995). Metaphors and mental models: Sensemaking and sensegiving in innovative and entrepreneurial activities. Journal of Management, 21(6), 10571074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hohberger, J., Almeida, P., & Parada, P. (2015). The direction of firm innovation: The contrasting roles of strategic alliances and individual scientific collaborations. Research Policy, 44(8), 14731487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkinson, G. C. (2001). Influence in marketing channels: A sense-making investigation. Psychology & Marketing, 18(5), 423444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huy, Q. N. (1999). Emotional capability, emotional intelligence, and radical change. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 325345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huy, Q. N., Corley, K. G., & Kraatz, M. S. (2014). From support to mutiny: Shifting legitimacy judgments and emotional reactions impacting the implementation of radical change. Academy of Management Journal, 57(6), 16501680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, M., & Roy, A. (2008). Staging exchange partner choices: When do status and reputation matter? Academy of Management Journal, 51(3), 495516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindenberg, S., & Foss, N. J. (2011). Managing joint production motivation: The role of goal framing and governance mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 36(3), 500525.Google Scholar
Litrico, J.-B., & David, R. J. (2017). The evolution of issue interpretation within organizational fields: Actor positions, framing trajectories, and field settlement. Academy of Management Journal, 60(3), 9861015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyngsie, J., & Foss, N. J. (2017). The more, the merrier? Women in top-management teams and entrepreneurship in established firms. Strategic Management Journal, 38(3), 487505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markóczy, L., Li Sun, S., Peng, M. W., Shi, W., & Ren, B. (2013). Social network contingency, symbolic management, and boundary stretching. Strategic Management Journal, 34(11), 13671387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meister, A., Thatcher, S. M. B., Park, J., & Maltarich, M. (2020). Toward A temporal theory of faultlines and subgroup entrenchment. Journal of Management Studies, 57(8), 1473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oreg, S., Bartunek, J. M., Lee, G., & Do, B. (2018). An affect-based model of recipients’ responses to organizational change events. Academy of Management Review, 43(1), 6586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oreg, S., & Berson, Y. (2019). Leaders’ impact on organizational change: Bridging theoretical and methodological chasms. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 272307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oreg, S., Vakola, M., & Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients’ reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pache, A.-C., & Santos, F. (2010). When worlds collide: The internal dynamics of organizational responses to conflicting institutional demands. Academy of Management Review, 35(3), 455476.Google Scholar
Patriotta, G. (2019). Imagination, self-knowledge, and poise: Jim march's lessons for leadership. Journal of Management Studies, 56(8), 17531765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patriotta, G., & Siegel, D. (2019). The context of entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Studies, 56(6), 11941196.Google Scholar
Prescott, J. E. (1986). Environments as moderators of the relationship between strategy and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 29(2), 329346.Google Scholar
Prescott, J. E., & Miller, S. H. (2002). Proven strategies in competitive intelligence: Lessons from the trenches. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Prior, D. D., Keränen, J., & Koskela, S. (2018). Sensemaking, sensegiving and absorptive capacity in complex procurements. Journal of Business Research, 88(3), 7990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafaeli, A., & Vilnai-Yavetz, I. (2004). Emotion as a connection of physical artifacts and organizations. Organization Science, 15(6), 671686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafferty, A. E., Jimmieson, N. L., & Armenakis, A. A. (2013). Change readiness: A multilevel review. Journal of Management, 39(1), 110135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafferty, A. E., & Minbashian, A. (2019). Cognitive beliefs and positive emotions about change: Relationships with employee change readiness and change-supportive behaviors. Human Relations, 72(10), 16231650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramarajan, L., & Reid, E. (2013). Shattering the myth of separate worlds: Negotiating nonwork identities at work. Academy of Management Review, 38(4), 621644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, M. I. (1997). In praise of duality and dualism: Rethinking agency and structure in organizational analysis. Organization Studies, 18(1), 2142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouleau, L. (2005). Micro-practices of strategic sensemaking and sensegiving: How middle managers interpret and sell change every day. Journal of Management Studies, 42(7), 14131441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnackenberg, A., Bundy, J., Coen, C., & Westphal, J. (2019). Capitalizing on categories of social construction: A review and integration of organizational research on symbolic management strategies. Academy of Management Annals, 13(2), 375413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seo, M. G., Taylor, M. S., Hill, N. S., Zhang, X., Tesluk, P. E., & Lorinkova, N. M. (2012). The role of affect and leadership during organizational change. Personnel Psychology, 65(1), 121165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siebert, S., Wilson, F., & Hamilton, J. R. A. (2017). “Devils may sit here:” The role of enchantment in institutional maintenance. Academy of Management Journal, 60(4), 16071632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockley, P., & Campbell, A. (2013). Female competition and aggression: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 368(1631), 20130073.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, S. S. (1999). ‘Making sense of revolutionary change: Differences in members’ stories. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12, 524535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ugolini, L. (2003). Ready-to-wear or made-to-measure? Consumer choice in the British menswear trade, 1900–1939. Textile History, 34(2), 192213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vuori, T. O., & Huy, Q. N. (2022). Regulating top managers’ emotions during strategy making: Nokia's socially distributed approach enabling radical change from mobile phones to networks in 2007–2013. Academy of Management Journal, 65(1), 331361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wadhwani, R. D., Kirsch, D., Welter, F., Gartner, W. B., & Jones, G. G. (2020). Context, time, and change: Historical approaches to entrepreneurship research. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(1), 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, J. A. III, & Gooding, R. Z. (1997). Equivocal information and attribution: An investigation of patterns of managerial sensemaking. Strategic Management Journal, 18(4), 275286.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weick, K. E. (1993). The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(4), 628652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodworth, W. (1981). Organizational consultants, conspirators, and colonizers. Group & Organization Studies, 6(1), 5764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar