^{Page 180 note 1} Organisation of African Unity, ‘Africa's Submission to the Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly on Africa's Economic and Social Crisis’, Addis Ababa, March 1986, OAU/ECM/2XV/Rev. 2, p. 17.

^{Page 180 note 2} Ibid. p. 30. See also Organisation of African Unity, Africa's Priority Programme for Economic Recovery, 1986–90 (Addis Ababa, F.A.O. for the O.A.U., 1985), p. 3.Google Scholar

^{Page 181 note 1} Africa's Priority Programme, pp. 3, 12 and 14.

^{Page 181 note 2} The failings of the Lagos Plan are examined in greater detail in Ravenhill, John, ‘Collective Self-Reliance or Collective Self-Delusion: is the Lagos Plan a viable alternative?’, in Ravenhill, (ed.), Africa in Economic Crisis (New York and London, 1986), pp. 85–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Lancaster, Carol, ‘Multilateral Development Bank and Africa’, in Lancaster, and Williamson, John (eds.), African Debt and Financing (Washington, D.C., 1986), Institute for International Economics, Special Report No. 5, pp. 124–5.Google Scholar

^{Page 181 note 3} The best examples are Callaghy, Thomas M., The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in comparative perspective (New York, 1984);Google ScholarHyden, Goran, No Shortcuts to Progress: African development management in perspective (Berkely, 1983);Google Scholar and Jackson, Robert and Rosberg, Carl, Personal Rule in Black Africa: prince, autocrat, prophet, tyrant (Berkely, 1982).Google Scholar

^{Page 182 note 1} Contrast, for instance, the favourable emphasis given to these two countries by Sandbrook, Richard in The Politics of Africa's Economic Stagnation (Cambridge, 1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar with his earlier treatment of them in The Politics of Basic Needs (London, 1982).Google Scholar

^{Page 182 note 2} For criticisms of Accelerated Development, see O.A.U. Council of Ministers, 38th Ordinary Session, 22 February–1 March 1982, ‘Report of the Secretary-General on the World Bank Report’, Addis Ababa, 1982, p. xxxviii; Ndegwa, Philip, ‘Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review’, in Ndegwa, , Mureithi, L. P., and Green, Reginald H. (eds.), Development Options for Africa in the 1980s and Beyond (Nairobi, 1985), ch. 3;Google ScholarIDS Bulletin (Brighton), 14, 1, 01 1983;Google Scholar and Schultheis, Michael J., ‘The World Bank and Accelerated Development: the internationalization of supply-side economics’, in African Studies Review (Los Angeles), 27, 4, 12 1984, pp. 9–16.Google Scholar

^{Page 183 note 1} World Bank, Financing Adjustment with Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa 1986–90 (Washington, D.C., 1986), p. 12.Google Scholar

^{Page 183 note 2} A. W. Clausen, ‘Foreword’ to ibid. p. v.

^{Page 184 note 1} World Bank, Toward Sustained Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: a joint programme of action (Washington, D.C., 1984), p. 3.Google Scholar

^{Page 184 note 2} Lewis, John P. (ed.), Development Strategies: a new synthesis (New Brunswick, 1985).Google Scholar

^{Page 184 note 3} Helleiner, Gerald K., ‘The Question of Conditionality’, in Lancaster and Williamson (eds.), op. cit. pp. 72–3.Google Scholar

^{Page 184 note 4} See, for instance, the comments of Elliot Berg, Carol Lancaster, and Tony Killick in ibid.

^{Page 184 note 5} ‘Africa's Submission’, p. 18.

^{Page 184 note 6} Helleiner, Gerald K., ‘Policy-Based Programme Lending: a look at the Bank's new role’, in Feinberg, Richard E. et al., Between Two Worlds: the World Bank's next decade (New Brunswick, 1986), p. 53.Google Scholar

^{Page 185 note 1} See the studies cited in Helleiner, G. K., ‘Outward Orientation, Import Instability and African Economic Growth: an empirical investigation’, in Sanjaya, Lall and Frances, Stewart (eds.), Theory and Reality in Development (London, 1986), p. 141.Google Scholar

^{Page 186 note 1} Wheeler, David, ‘Sources of Stagnation in Sub-Saharan Africa’, in World Development (Oxford), 12, 1, 01 1984, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

^{Page 186 note 2} Krumm, Kathie L., The External Debt of Sub-Saharan Africa: origins, magnitude, and implications for action (Washington, D.C., 1985), World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 741, p. 11.Google Scholar

^{Page 186 note 3} Helleiner, ‘Outward Orientation’.

^{Page 187 note 1} A position argued consistent and cogently by Green, Reginald H. -see, for example, ‘Reflections on the State of Knowledge and Ways Forward’, in Tore, Rose (ed.), Crisis and Recovery in Sub-Saharan Africa (Paris, 1985), p. 292.Google Scholar

^{Page 187 note 2} Helleiner, Gerald K., The IMF and Africa in the 1980s (Princeton, 1983), Princeton University Essays in International Finance No. 152.Google Scholar

^{Page 187 note 3} E.g. Bhatis, Rattan, ‘Adjustment Efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980–84’, in Finance and Development (Washington, D.C.), 22, 3, 09 1985, p. 20.Google Scholar

^{Page 187 note 4} Eicher, Carl K., ‘Strategic Issues in Combating Hunger and Poverty in Africa’, in Berg, Robert J. and Whitaker, Jennifer Seymour (eds.), Strategies for African Development (Berkeley, 1986), p. 243.Google Scholar

^{Page 188 note 1} According to ‘The Critical Economic Situation in Africa: report of the Secretary-General’, New York, U.N. General Assembly, 13th Special Session, 20 May 1986, p. 10, food self-sufficiency ratios dropped from 98 per cent in the 1960s to 86 per cent in 1980, while Africa's share of cereals food aid to developing countries rose from 14 per cent in 1970–1 to 61 per cent in 1984–5. If current trends continue according to F.A.O., African Agriculture: the next 25 years (Rome, 1986), Africa will need to import over 100 million tonnes of cereals annually by the year 2000-a figure in excess of the current yearly volume of world trade in wheat.Google Scholar

^{Page 188 note 2} As appears to have been the case in Malawi. See Kydd, Jonathan and Hewitt, Adrian, ‘The Effectiveness of Structural Adjustment Lending: inital evidence from Malawi’, in World Development, 14, 3, March 1986, pp. 347–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 188 note 3} Dunstan S. C. Spencer, ‘Agricultural Research: lessons of the past, strategies for the future’, in Berg and Whitaker (eds.), op. cit. p. 219.

^{Page 188 note 4} But see the more moderate statement of the Bank's position in Stanley Please and K. Y. Amoako, ‘OAU, ECA and the World Bank: do they really disagree?’, in Ravenhill (ed.), Africa in Economic Crisis, pp. 132–4.

^{Page 188 note 5} Benno J. Ndulu, ‘Governance and Economic Management’, in Berg and Whitaker (eds.), Strategies for African Development, p. 88.

^{Page 189 note 1} Cleaver, Kevin M., The Impact of Price and Exchange Rate Policies on Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, D.C., 1985), World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 728, pp. 2 and 16.Google Scholar

^{Page 189 note 2} See the discussion in Ravenhill, ‘Africa's Continuing Crises: the elusiveness of development’, in Ravenhill (ed.), Africa in Economic Crisis, pp. 14–15.

^{Page 189 note 3} Lipton, Michael, ‘The Place of Agricultural Research in the Development of Sub-Saharan Africa’, in IDS Bulletin, 16, 3, 1985, p. 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 189 note 4} Jabara, Cathy L., ‘Agricultural Pricing Policy in Kenya’, in World Development, 13, 5, 05 1985, pp. 611–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Jean-Jacques Faucher and Hartmut Schneider, ‘Agricultural Crisis: structural constraints, prices and other policy issues’, and Christian Morrisson, ‘Agricultural Production and Government Policy in Burkina Faso and Mali’, in Rose (ed.), op. cit. pp. 50–65 and 66–77, respectively.Google Scholar

^{Page 189 note 5} Reginald H. Green, and Caroline Allison, ‘The World Bank's Agenda for Accelerated Development: dialectics, doubt and dialogue’, in Ravenhill (ed.), op. cit. pp. 71–2;Google ScholarGreen, Reginald H., ‘Consolidation and Accelerated Development of African Agriculture: what agends for action’, in African Studies Review, 27, 4, 12 1984, p. 23;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Faber, Mike and Green, Reginald H., ‘Sub-Saharan Africa's Economic Malaise: some questions and answers’, in Rose, (ed.) op. cit. p. 22.Google Scholar

^{Page 189 note 6} Bruce F. Johnston, ‘Governmental Strategies for Agricultural Development’, and David K. Leonard, ‘Putting the Farmer in Control: building agricultural institutions’, in Berg and Whitaker (eds.), op. cit. pp. 155–83 and 184–214, respectively; and Green, ‘Consolidation and Accelerated Development of African Agriculture’, p. 27.Google Scholar For the contrary case, see Hart, Keith, The Political Economy of West African Agriculture (Cambridge, 1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 190 note 1} Bates, Robert H., Markets and States in Tropical Africa (Berkeley, 1981).Google Scholar

^{Page 190 note 2} On Côte d'Ivoire, see Gbetibouo, Mathurin and Delgado, Christopher, ‘Lessons and Constraints of Export Crop-Led Growth: cocoa in Ivory Coast’, in I., William Zartman and Christopher, Delgado (eds.), The Political Economy of Ivory Coast (New York, 1984), pp. 115–48; on Kenya, see Jabara, loc. cit.; on Malawi,Google Scholar see Livingstone, Ian, ‘Resource-Based Industrial Development: past experience and future prospects in Malawi’, in Industry and Development (Nuremberg), 10, 1984, pp. 75–135,Google Scholar and Kydd, Jonathan and Christiansen, Robert, ‘Structural Change in Malawi Since Independence: consequences of a development strategy based on largescale agriculture’, in World Development, 10, 5, 05 1982, pp. 355–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 190 note 3} Lele, Uma, ‘Rural Africa: modernization, equity and long-term development’, in Science (Washington, D.C.), 211, 6, February 1981, p. 549.Google Scholar

^{Page 190 note 4} Bratton, Michael, ‘Farmer Organizations and Food Production in Zimbabwe’, in World Development, 14, 3, March 1986, pp. 367–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 190 note 5} Helleiner, ‘The Question of Conditionality’, p. 76.

^{Page 190 note 6} Green suggests in ‘Consolidation and Accelerated Development of African Agriculture’, pp. 23–4, that the record of private and public-sector organisations varies from crop to crop in Tanzania. Bratton, loc. cit. p. 367, comments that ‘In many African countries, the capitalist market has even flimsier foundations that the state’, and that peasant farmers, as the least accessible of all production units, often have to pay a premium for goods and services priced by markets.

^{Page 190 note 7} Quoted in U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Africa Tomorrow: issues in Technology, agriculture and U.S. foreign aid (Washington, D.C., 1984), p. 78.Google Scholar

^{Page 191 note 1} Financing Adjustment with Growth, p. 32.

^{Page 191 note 2} Cf. Lipton, loc. cit. p. 22: ‘National agricultural research in sub-Saharan Africa is, in general, not cost-effective. It concentrates heavily on a few export crops in price-inelastic demand, where, if it succeeds, the gains go largely to Western consumers. Poor people's crops-especially roots and cheap cereals, where on farm or local consumption (plus hunger) mean that there is little or no problem about inelastic demand-are generally neglected.’

^{Page 191 note 3} Kjellström, Sven and d'Almeida, Ayite-Fily, ‘Aid Coordination: a recipient's perspective’, in Finance and Development, 23, 3, 09 1986, p. 38.Google Scholar

^{Page 191 note 4} Michael Lipton, ‘Research and the Design of a Policy Frame for Agriculture’, in Rose (ed.), op. cit. p. 87.

^{Page 191 note 5} Eicher, ‘Strategic Issues’, p. 252.

^{Page 192 note 1} See, for example, Allison, Caroline, ‘Women, Land, Labour and Survival: getting some basic facts straight’ in IDS Bulletin, 16, 3, 07 1985, pp. 24–30,CrossRefGoogle Scholar ‘What Alternatives for Women in Africa?’, in Ndegwa, Mureithi, and Green (eds.), op. cit. ch. 10, and ‘Health and Education for Development: African women's status and prospects’, in Rose (ed.), op. cit. pp. 111–23. Also Winifred Weekes-Vagliani, ‘Women, Food and Rural Development’, in ibid. pp. 104–10; and Jane I. Guyer, ‘Woman's Role in Development’, in Berg and Whitaker (eds.), op. cit. pp. 393–421.

^{Page 192 note 2} Green, ‘Consolidation and Accelerated Development of African Agriculture’, p. 25.

^{Page 192 note 3} See, for example, Daniel, Philip, ‘Zambia: structural adjustment or downward spiral?’, in IDS Bulletin, 16, 3, 07 1985, pp. 52–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 192 note 4} U.N.I.D.O., ‘Africa in Figures’, Geneva, 6 February 1985, Table 1.

^{Page 193 note 1} Westphal, Larry, Empirical Justification for Infant Industry Protection (Washington, D.C., 1981), World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 445.Google Scholar

^{Page 193 note 2} Bienefeld, Manfred, ‘The Lessons of Africa's Industrial “Failure”’, in IDS Bulletin, 16, 3, 07 1985, pp. 69–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For a discussion of some classic externally-financed ‘white elephants’, see Coulson, Andrew, African Socialism in Practice: Tanzania (Nottingham, 1979).Google Scholar

^{Page 193 note 3} Berg, Robert J., ‘The Long-Run Future of Donor Planning Monitoring and Evaluation’, in Development (Washington, D.C.), 22, 2–3, 1980, p. 72.Google Scholar

^{Page 193 note 4} The World Bank has cited with approval the Kenya Tea Authority; and Livingstone, loc. cit., reported that parastatals in Malawi were run according to strict commercial criteria and, if anything, were too conservative in their activities. On the negative contribution to economic development of many state-owned enterprises, see Killick, Tony, ‘The Role of the Public Sector in the Industrialization of African Developing Countries’, in Industry and Development, 7, 1983, pp. 57–88.Google Scholar

^{Page 193 note 5} For instance, Goran Hyden, ‘African Social Structure and Economic Development’, in Berg and Whitaker (eds.), op. cit. ch. 2.

^{Page 194 note 1} Swainson, Nicola, The Development of Corporate Capitalism in Kenya, 1918–1977 (Berkeley, 1980), p. 191, noted that ‘the use of official positions within the State to advance business interests…is indeed the hallmark of the present stage of indigenous capitalism’.Google Scholar

^{Page 194 note 2} Elliot Berg, ‘The Potentials of the Private Sector in Africa’, in Rose (ed.), op. cit. pp. 135–44.

^{Page 194 note 3} Thomas M. Callaghy, ‘The Political Economy of African Debt: the case of Zaire’, in Ravenhill (ed.), op. cit. ch. 12.

^{Page 195 note 1} Faber and Green, loc. cit. p. 21.

^{Page 195 note 2} For further discussion, see Ravenhill, ‘Africa's Continuing Crises’, pp. 16–18.

^{Page 195 note 3} Financing Adjustment with Growth, p. 38.

^{Page 195 note 4} United Nations, Progress in the Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action for African Economic Recovery and Development, 1986–1990 (New York, 1987), p. 20.Google Scholar

^{Page 195 note 5} International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, 1986 (Washington, D.C., 1986), p. 261.Google Scholar

^{Page 196 note 1} Gbetibouo and Delgado, loc. cit.

^{Page 196 note 2} Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 116.

^{Page 196 note 3} For an example of the failure of this strategy, see Steven Langdon, ‘Industrial Dependence and Export Manufacturing in Kenya’, in Ravenhill (ed.), op. cit. pp. 181–212.

^{Page 196 note 4} Ravenhill, John, ‘Aid Through Trade: reforming the international trade regime in the interests of the least developed’, in Third World Quarterly (London), 8, 2, 04 1986, pp. 449–85.Google Scholar

^{Page 197 note 1} Eduard H. Brau, ‘African Debt: facts and figures on the current situation’, in Lancaster and Williamson (eds.), op. cit. pp. 11–19 and statistical annex, pp. 30–46 this publication contains the most comprehensive discussion of the issue. Other useful sources include Callaghy, ‘The Political Economy of African Debt’,Google Scholar and ‘Between Scylla and Charybdis: the foreign economic relations of sub-Saharan African states’, in The Annals (Philadelphia), 01 1987;Google ScholarGreen, Reginald H. and Griffith-Jones, Stephany, ‘External Debt: sub-Saharan Africa's emerging iceberg’, in Rose (ed.), op. cit. pp. 211–30; Chandra S. Hardy, ‘Africa's Debt: structural adjustment with stability’, in Berg and Whitaker (eds.), op. cit. pp. 453–75;Google Scholar and Taylor, Alwyn B., ‘The African Debtors: the decimating effects of pro-cyclical movements in concessional and non-concessional flows and the appropriate policy response’, in Journal of Development Planning (New York), 16, 1985, pp. 143–64.Google Scholar

^{Page 197 note 2} Callaghy, ‘Between Scylla and Charybdis’, loc. cit.

^{Page 198 note 1} Hardy, loc. cit. p. 463.

^{Page 198 note 2} See, for instance, Edward V. K. Jaycox, Ravi I. Gulhati, Sanjaya Lall, and Satya Yalamanchili, ‘The Nature of the Debt Problem in Eastern and Southern Africa’, in Lancaster and Williamson (eds.), op. cit. especially pp. 60–2.

^{Page 198 note 3} African Debt and Financing, p. 170.

^{Page 198 note 4} Helleiner, ‘The Question of Conditionality’, p. 67.Google Scholar See also Green, Reginald H., ‘IMF Stabilisation and Structural Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa: are they technically compatible?’, in IDS Bulletin, 16, 3, 07 1985, p. 62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 199 note 1} O.A.U., ‘Report of the Secretary General’, p. 40. This provides a useful comparison of the projections by the Bank and the O.A.U. of Africa's estimated financing needs.

^{Page 199 note 2} United Nations, op. cit. p. 20.

^{Page 199 note 3} Helleiner, Gerald K., ‘Economic Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa: the international dimension’, in International Journal (Toronto), 41, 4, Autumn, 1986, pp. 748–67.Google Scholar

^{Page 199 note 4} Allison, Caroline and Green, Reginald H., ‘Editorial: toward getting some facts less snarled?’, in IDS Bulletin, 16, 3, 07 1985, p. 6, fn. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 199 note 5} Crocker, Chester A., ‘FY 1987 Assistance Request for Sub-Saharan Africa’, in Current Policy (Washington, D.C.,), 814, 1986, p. 3.Google Scholar

^{Page 200 note 1} Quoted in ‘Concluding Appraisal’, in Lancaster and Williamson (eds.), op. cit. p. 203.

^{Page 200 note 2} Richard H. Carey, ‘Prospects for Bilateral Aid’, in ibid. p. 107. Cf. the statement by McPherson, M. Peter, Administrator of U.S.A.I.D., ‘Supporting African Economic Reform’, in Africa Report (New Brunswick), 31, 3, 05–06 1986, p. 11, that ‘Donor budgets seem to be more constrained than at any time in the recent past, and the likelihood of substantially increased aid levels over the next few years is minimal at best’.Google Scholar

^{Page 201 note 1} Kreuger, Anne O., ‘Loans to Assist the Transition to Outward-Looking Policies’, in World Economy (Oxford), 4, 3, 09 1981.Google Scholar

^{Page 201 note 2} Cf. Crawford Young, ‘Africa's Colonial Legacy’, in Berg and Whitaker (eds.), op. cit. p. 25–31.

^{Page 201 note 3} Cassen, Robert and Associates, Does Aid Work? (Oxford, 1986), p. 71.Google Scholar

^{Page 201 note 4} Feinberg, Richard, ‘The Adjustment Imperative and U.S. Policy’, in Feinberg, and Kallab, Valeriana (eds.), Adjustment Crisis in the Third World (New Brunswick, 1984), p. 17.Google Scholar

^{Page 201 note 5} Green, Reginald H., ‘Political-Economic Adjustment and IMF Conditionality: Tanzania, 1974–81’, in John, Williamson (ed.), IMF Conditionality (Washington, D.C., 1983), pp. 347–80.Google Scholar

^{Page 202 note 1} Reginald H. Green, ‘The IMF and Stabilisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: a critical review’, I.D.S. Discussion Paper No. 216, Brighton, June 1986. For a restatement of the conventional I.M.F. argument for reduction in consumption, see the comments of Alassane D. Ouattara in ‘A Panel Discussion’, in Lancaster and Williamson (eds.), op. cit. pp. 185–9.

^{Page 202 note 2} For example, Please, Stanley, The Hobbled Giant (Boulder, 1984);Google Scholar and Killick, Tony et al., The Quest for Economic Stabilisation (London, 1984).Google Scholar

^{Page 202 note 3} Joan M. Nelson, ‘The Politics of Stabilization’, in Feinberg and Kallab (eds.), op. cit. p. 109.

^{Page 202 note 4} Tony Killick et al. ‘The IMF: the case for a change in emphasis’, in ibid. p. 76.

^{Page 202 note 5} See, particularly, Please, op. cit.

^{Page 203 note 1} Comments in Lancaster and Williamson (eds.), op. cit. pp. 97–8.

^{Page 203 note 2} See Cassen et al., op. cit. ch. 4; Kydd and Hewitt, loc. cit.;Google ScholarBacha, Edmar L. and Feinberg, Richard E., ‘The World Bank and Structural Adjustment in Latin America’, in World Development, 14, 3, March 1986, pp. 333–46. A Bank representative admitted that ‘Various indicators of the Bank's work suggest that, in some respects, the extraordinary pressures of the early 1980s indeed led to a decline in the share of Bank activity specifically directed toward the reduction of poverty’, and concluded that ‘In some respects, the political climate of the 1980s does not favour the poor’,CrossRefGoogle ScholarBeckman, David, ‘The World Bank and Poverty in the 1980s’, in Finance and Development, 23, 3, 09 1986, pp. 26 and 28, respectively. Cf. Reginald H. Green, ‘Sub Saharan Africa: poverty of development, development of poverty’, I.D.S. Discussion Paper No. 218, Brighton, July 1986.Google Scholar

^{Page 203 note 3} Helleiner, ‘Policy-Based Programme Lending’, p. 57.

^{Page 204 note 1} Kydd and Hewitt, loc. cit., and Cassen et al., op. cit. p. 93. Cf. Kimble, David, Farewell Thoughts on the University (Zomba, 1986).Google Scholar

^{Page 204 note 2} Zulu, Justin B. and Nsouli, Saleh M., Adjustments Programs in Africa: the recent experience (Washington, D.C., 1985), I.M.F. Occasional Paper No. 34, p. 14.Google Scholar

^{Page 204 note 3} Williamson (ed.), op. cit. p. 638.Google ScholarLoxley, John argues in The IMF and the Poorest Countries (Ottawa, 1984) that exogenous factors have swamped the effects of internal policy reforms in many African countries.Google Scholar

^{Page 204 note 4} See, particularly, Green, ‘The IMF and Stabilisation in Sub-Saharan Africa’.

^{Page 204 note 5} Bienen, Henry S. and Gersovitz, Mark, ‘Economic Stabilization, Conditionality, and Political Stability’, in International Organization (Cambridge, Mass.), 39, 4, Autumn 1985, pp. 729–54.Google Scholar

^{Page 205 note 1} Nelson, loc. cit. p. 94.

^{Page 205 note 2} Jaycox, Edward V. L., ‘Africa: development challenges and the World Bank's response’, in Finance and Development, 23, 1, March 1986, p. 22.Google Scholar

^{Page 205 note 3} Cassen et al. op. cit. p. 83.

^{Page 206 note 1} Cf. Green, ‘The IMF and Stabilisation in Sub-Saharan Africa’, p. 19: ‘The failure of the Fund to favour parallel - as opposed to subsequent - negotiations with the Bank (for structural adjustment or sectoral programmers) and bilateral sources (for import support and debt rescheduling) clearly endangers the viability of the programmes since they are usually dependent on significant increases in net external resource inflows -and quick ones at that if the early quarterly ‘trigger clauses' are not to be pulled.’

^{Page 206 note 2} Quoted in the Christian Science Monitor (Boston), 3 06 1986, p. 1.Google Scholar

^{Page 206 note 3} ‘Africa's Strong Case for Help’, in Financial Times (London), 2 06 1986.Google Scholar

^{Page 207 note 1} ‘Transforming Africa's Economies’, in Africa Report, 31, 3, 05–06 1986, p. 8.Google Scholar For a review of the limitations of the Lomé Convention's Stabex scheme, see Ravenhill, John, ‘What Is to Be Done for Third World Commodity Exporters? An Evaluation of the STABEX Scheme’, in International Organization, 38, 3, Summer 1984, pp. 537–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 207 note 2} Dell, Sidney, ‘The Fifth Credit Tranche’, in World Development, 13, 2, February 1985, pp. 245–9;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Kaibni, Nihad, ‘Evolution of the Compensatory Financing Facility’, in Finance and Development, 23, 2, 06 1986, pp. 24–7.Google Scholar

^{Page 207 note 3} Report of the Committee on African Development Strategies, ‘Compact for African Development’, Council on Foreign Relations/Overseas Development Council, n.d.

^{Page 207 note 4} Berg, Robert J., ‘Foreign Aid in Africa: here's the answer- is it relevant to the question’, in Berg and Whitaker (eds.), op. cit. p. 513.Google Scholar

^{Page 208 note 1} The Guardian (London), 3 06 1986.Google Scholar

^{Page 209 note 1} See Ravenhill, John, Collective Clientelism: the Lomé Conventions and North-South relations (New York, 1985);Google Scholar also, Parfitt, Trevor W., ‘Equals, Clients, or Dependents? A.C.P. Relations with the E.E.C under the Lomé Conventions, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 25, 4, 12 1987, pp. 717–23.Google Scholar

^{Page 209 note 2} For a review of Japan's aid policies towards Africa, see Moss, Joanna and Ravenhill, John, Emerging Japanese Economic Influence in Africa: implications for the United States (Berkeley, 1985).Google Scholar