^{Page 333 note 1} Kamarck, Andrew, The Economics of African Development (New York and London, 1971 edn.), p. 264.Google Scholar

^{Page 333 note 2} See Faber, Michael and Seers, Dudley (eds.), The Crisis in Planning, Vol. I, The Issues (London, 1972).Google Scholar

^{Page 334 note 1} I have written elsewhere on some of the strategies and policies which might be appropriate: Helleiner, G. K., ‘Development Policies for Africa in the 1970s’, in Canadian Journal of African Studies (Montreal), IV, 3, Fall 1970, pp. 285–303,Google Scholar published as ‘Structural Change in Africa’, in Ward, Barbara, Runnalls, J. D., and d'Anjou, Lenore (eds.), The Widening Gap (New York, 1971), pp. 87–109.Google Scholar

^{Page 334 note 2} Federal, Republic of Nigeria, , Second National Development Plan, 1970–1974 (Lagos, 1970), p. 32.Google Scholar

^{Page 335 note 1} For a particularly lucid and concise discussion of modes of production in the African context, see Van Arkadie, Brian, ‘Development and the Mode of Production’, in East African Journal (Nairobi), VII, 8, 08 1970.Google Scholar

^{Page 335 note 2} United Republic of Tanzania, , Tanzania Second Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development, 1 July 1969–30 June 1974, Vol. I, General Analysis (Dar es Salaam, 1969).Google Scholar

^{Page 335 note 3} Republic of Kenya, Development Plan, 1970–1974 (Nairobi, 1969).Google Scholar

^{Page 336 note 1} Some prefer the view that while revolutionary change is just as ‘necessary’ in Africa as elsewhere, it is not at present historically possible. See, for example, Saul, John and Arrighi, Giovanni, ‘Socialism and Economic Development in Tropical Africa,’ in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), VI, 2, 08 1968, pp. 141–69.Google Scholar

^{Page 337 note 1} Harberger, Arnold C., ‘Three Basic Postulates for Applied Welfare Economics: an interpretative essay’, in Journal of Economic Literature (Menasha), IX, 3, 09 1971, pp. 785–6.Google Scholar For a recent assessment of such views, see the lively discussion in Reynolds, Lloyd G., The Three Worlds of Economics (New Haven, 1971), pp. 315–20.Google Scholar

^{Page 338 note 1} Most dramatically in his speech to the Columbia University Conference on International Economic Development, February 1970, but repeatedly since then.

^{Page 338 note 2} Levinson, Jerome and de Onis, Juan, The Alliance that Lost its Way (Chicago, 1970).Google Scholar

^{Page 339 note 1} This view was expressed in a seminar for invited academics at the World Bank in mid 1975. For similar views, see Harberger, bc. cit.

^{Page 339 note 2} International Labour Office, Towards Full Employment: a programme for Columbia (Geneva, 1970),Google Scholar and Matching Employment Opportunities and Expectations: a programme of action for Ceylon (Geneva, 1971).Google Scholar

^{Page 339 note 3} Helleiner, G. K., ‘Socialism and Economic Development in Tanzania’, in The Journal of Development Studies (London), VIII, 2, 01 1972.Google Scholar

^{Page 340 note 1} Ghai, Dhararn, ‘Unemployment: the national obsession’, in African Development (London), 01 1971, pp. k 13–15.Google Scholar

^{Page 340 note 2} For an excellent summary of the current discussion, see Robinson, Ronald and Johnston, Peter (eds.), Prospects for Employment Opportunities is the Nineteen Seventies (London, 1971).Google Scholar See also the papers presented to the 12th World Conference of the Society for International Development, Ottawa, May 1971, a brief summary of which may be found in Pazos, Felipe, ‘Development Targets for Seventies: jobs and justice’, in International Development Review (Washington), XIII, 3, 1971, pp. 2–5.Google Scholar

^{Page 340 note 3} Helleiner, ‘Structural Change in Africa’, loc. cit. pp. 87–8.

^{Page 341 note 1} Griffin, Keith B. and Enos, John L., Planning Development (London, 1970), p. 38.Google Scholar

^{Page 341 note 2} Chenery, Hollis B., ‘Growth and Structural Change’, in Finance and Development (Washington), 1971, 3, p. 27.Google Scholar

^{Page 342 note 1} Work for Progress, Uganda's Second Five-Year Plan, 1966–1971 (Entebbe, 1966), pp. 148–9.Google Scholar

^{Page 342 note 2} Republic of Kenya, op. cit. p. 2.

^{Page 344 note 1} See, for example, Bauer, P. T., West African Trade (Cambridge, 1954).Google Scholar

^{Page 344 note 2} Helleiner, G. K., ‘The Fiscal Role of the Marketing Boards in Nigerian Economic Development, 1947–61’, in The Economic Journal (London), 74, 3, 09 1964, pp. 583–610.Google Scholar

^{Page 345 note 1} Cf. Baster, Nancy, Distribution of Income and Economic Growth: concepts and issues (Geneva, 1970), pp. 40–41Google Scholar: ‘It is clearly impossible to reach any single generalisation about the impact of a high concentration of incomes in the high-income ranges on economic growth. It will depend on the kind of development taking place and the characteristics of the high-income group.’

^{Page 346 note 1} Lancaster, K. J., ‘Change and Innovation in the Technology of Consumption’, in American Economic Review (Menasha), LVI, 2, 1966, pp. 14–23.Google Scholar

^{Page 346 note 2} Illich, Ivan, ‘Outwitting the ‘Developed” Countries’, in The JVew rork Review of Books (New York), XII, 8, 11 1969.Google Scholar

^{Page 347 note 1} Cf Susan Rifkin and Raphael Kaplinsky, ‘Health Strategy and Development Planning: lessons from the People’s Republic of China’; Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton.

^{Page 348 note 1} Colin Leys, ‘A New Conception of Planning?’, in Faber and Seers (eds.), op. cit. pp. 56–76.

^{Page 350 note 1} Cf. Kimble, Helen, ‘On the Teaching of Economics in Africa’, in The Journal of Modem African Studies, VII, 4, 12 1969, pp. 713–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 351 note 1} Seers, Dudley, ‘The Limitations of the Special Case’, in Bulletin of the Oxford Institute of Economics and Statistic, (Oxford), xxv, 2, 05 1963.Google Scholar