^{Page 373 note 1} The best guides are Martin, David and Johnson, Phyllis, The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga war (London and Boston, 1981), even if their account favours Z.A.N.U.(P.F.).Google Scholar

^{Page 374 note 1} Mugabe, Robert G., ‘Interview’ in The Herald (Harare), 17 04 1984,Google Scholar and ‘The Building of Scientific Socialism’, in ibid. 10 July 1984.

^{Page 374 note 2} Mugabe, Robert G., ‘Interview’ in Moto (Gweru), 10 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 375 note 1} In his address on the sixth anniversary of independence, 18 April 1986, Mugabe announced that the necessary constitutional changes would be made within 12 months.

^{Page 375 note 2} Mugabe, Robert G., ‘The Parliament of Zimbabwe and Some Aspects of the Constitution’, in The Parliamentarian (London), 65, 4, 01 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 375 note 3} Mugabe, Robert G., ‘Interview’ with Patricia Sethi of Newsweek in Zimbabwe News (Harare), 17, 2, 02 1986.Google Scholar

^{Page 375 note 4} Tekere, Edgar, ‘Interview’ in Social Change and Development (Harare), 1, 6, 1984,Google Scholar‘Interview’ in Moto, July 1984, and views reported in ‘One-Party State Demands Honest Effort’, in The Herald, 8 August 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 376 note 1} For instance, Nkomo shared a platform with the Minister for Home Affairs, Enos Nkala, in Matabeleland on 26 March 1986. Two weeks later, however, at the funeral of Lookout Masuku, the leader of Z.A.P.U. lashed out harshly at the Government.

^{Page 376 note 2} The Herald, 18 January 1982; but cf.Robert G. Mugabe, ‘Interview’ with Donald Telford of the London Observer, in ibid. 21 March 1984.

^{Page 376 note 3} The Times (London), 19 04 1986.Google ScholarPubMed

^{Page 376 note 4} Sithole, Masipula, ‘One-Party State – Unreal Opposition’, in The Herald, 5 December 1983.Google Scholar

^{Page 376 note 5} Mugabe, Robert G., ‘Interview’ in Africa Report (Washington, D.C.), 09–10 1982.Google Scholar

^{Page 377 note 1} Mugabe, ‘Interview’ in Moto.Google Scholar

^{Page 377 note 2} Musoni, Sam, ‘The Case for a One-Party State’, in The Sunday Mail (Harare), 26 05 1985.Google Scholar

^{Page 378 note 1} Sibanda, Arnold, ‘The One-Party State Debate’, in Moto, September 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 378 note 2} Stanley Nyamfukudza, ibid. April 1985.

^{Page 378 note 3} Davison Chitubura, ibid. October 1984.

^{Page 378 note 4} Zvobgo, Eddison, address at the University of Zimbabwe, reported in The Herald, 6 July 1983.Google Scholar

^{Page 378 note 5} Cowell, Alan, ‘African Norm: rule by single party’, in The New York Times, 14 August 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 378 note 6} Mugabe, ‘The Parliament of Zimbabwe and Some Aspects of the Constitution’, and ‘Interview’ in Moto.Google Scholar

^{Page 379 note 1} Windrich, Elaine, ‘Why Westminster Model Does Not Suit Zimbabwe’, in Moto, April 1983;Google Scholar and William Spring, letter to ibid. June 1983.

^{Page 379 note 2} M. S. Hove, letter to ibid. October 1984.

^{Page 379 note 3} John Chirimuta, ‘Multi-Party System a Safety-Valve for Dissent’, in ibid. July 1984; and Senjelisi, Mark, ‘Fallacies of the One-Party State’, in The Sunday Mail, 3 February 1985.Google Scholar

^{Page 379 note 4} Mugabe, ‘Interview’ in Moto.Google Scholar

^{Page 379 note 5} Nyamfukudza, loc. cit. See also Chitubura, loc. cit.

^{Page 379 note 6} The Sunday Mail, 5 May 1985; and Parks, Michael, ‘Survival of the Fittest in Zimbabwe’, in Los Angeles Times, 23 May 1985.Google Scholar Yet Mugabe, Robert G., ‘First Secretary Holds Victory Press Conference’, in Zimbabwe News, 16, 6, 10 1985, none the less interprets his victory as a mandate for one-party rule.Google Scholar

^{Page 379 note 7} Mugabe, ‘Interview’ in Moto.

^{Page 379 note 8} The Herald, 22 September 1983.

^{Page 380 note 1} Mugabe, ‘First Secretary Holds Victory Press Conference’, and ‘Interview’ in Zimbabwe News.

^{Page 380 note 2} Msipa, Cephas, ‘Interview’ in Moto, February 1985.Google Scholar

^{Page 380 note 3} Mugabe, ‘Interview’ in Africa Report.

^{Page 380 note 4} Chirimuta, loc. cit.

^{Page 380 note 5} Senjelisi, loc. cit.

^{Page 380 note 6} Mabuyazibhonsa, ‘A Perspective of [on] Inter-Party Strife, in The Sunday Mail, 14 April 1985.

^{Page 380 note 7} Anon, ‘The One-Party State Debate’, in Moto, May 1984.

^{Page 381 note 1} Mugabe, ‘Interview’ in Africa Report.

^{Page 381 note 2} Mabuyazibhonsa, loc. cit.

^{Page 381 note 3} Malinga, Washington, ‘One-Party State and Democracy’, in The Sunday Mail, 9 December 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 381 note 4} Senjelisi, loc. cit.

^{Page 382 note 1} Mugabe, ‘Interview’ in Moto.

^{Page 382 note 2} Mugabe, ‘Interview’ in Africa Report.

^{Page 382 note 3} Zvobgo, loc. cit.

^{Page 382 note 4} Musoni, loc. cit.

^{Page 382 note 5} Chirawu, Tapera, ‘Committees Bring Mass Democracy’, in The Sunday Mail, 5 May 1985.Google Scholar

^{Page 382 note 6} Anon, ‘The One-Party State Debate’; and Hamutyinei, Omega J., letter to Moto, January 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 383 note 1} Seagull, J. L., letter to Moto, July 1984; and Payne, Roland,Google Scholar letter to ibid. August 1984.

^{Page 383 note 2} Jackson, Robert H. and Rosberg, Carl G., Personal Rule in Black Africa: prince, autocrat, prophet, tyrant (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1982), p. 48.Google Scholar

^{Page 383 note 3} Anon, ‘The One-Party State Debate’.

^{Page 383 note 4} Chitubura, loc. cit.

^{Page 384 note 1} Quoted in Johnstone, Monty, ‘Marx, Blanqui and Majority Rule’, in The Socialist Register, 1983 (London, 1983), p. 305.Google Scholar

^{Page 385 note 1} Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, The Marx-Engels Reader (New York, 1978 edn.), pp. 634–5.Google ScholarEngels himself writers, p. 629: ‘Look at the Paris Commune. That was the Dictatorship of the Proletaria.’Google Scholar

^{Page 385 note 2} Miliband, Ralph, Marxism and Politics (London, 1977), p. 119.Google Scholar

^{Page 385 note 3} Medvedev, Roy A., On Socialist Democracy (New York, 1975), pp. 91–2.Google Scholar

^{Page 386 note 1} Miliband, op. cit. pp. 141–2.

^{Page 386 note 2} Harding, Neil, Lenin's Political Thought, Vol. II (London, 1983), pp. 275–6;Google Scholar and Wohlforth, Tim, ‘Transition to the Transition’, in New Left Review (London), 130, 1981, p. 77.Google Scholar

^{Page 386 note 3} Harding, op. cit. Vol. II, p. 328.

^{Page 387 note 1} Richard L. Sklar has suggested to me that Amícar Cabral's doctrine may be an exception.

^{Page 388 note 1} Marx and Engels, op. cit. p. 595.

^{Page 389 note 1} Cf. Chirawu, loc. cit.

^{Page 390 note 1} Mugabe, ‘Interview’ in The Herald, 17 April 1984.Google Scholar See also Mugabe, Robert G., ‘Wide-Ranging Review of the Activities of the Party in 1985’, in Zimbabwe News, 17, 2, 02 1986, on the ‘mammoth task of raising the political and ideological consciousness’ of his party.Google Scholar

^{Page 390 note 2} Quoted in Mbeki, Moeletsi, ‘A Blueprint for “The Way Forward”’, in The Herald, 4 June 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 391 note 1} Mugabe, ‘Interview’ in ibid. 17 April 1984.

^{Page 391 note 2} Robert G. Mugabe, ‘Interview’ in ibid. 13 January 1984.

^{Page 391 note 3} Quoted by Maruziva, Davison, ‘Weekly Digest’, in The Sunday Mail, 6 April 1986.Google Scholar

^{Page 391 note 4} Mbeki, loc. cit. and Madimutsa, Malachia, ‘The Road to Socialism’, in The Herald, 22 June 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 391 note 5} The aptness of these class labels for describing Zimbabwean reality is, of course, contestable. Several non-Zimbabwean Trotskyists argue pessimistically that the ‘petty-bourgeoisie’ have already taken control of the party, betrayed the mass movement, and struck a deal with international capital. Astrow, Andre, Zimbabwe: a revolution that lost its way? (London, 1983);Google ScholarBobo, N., ‘The Zimbabwe Lesson’, in Monthly Review (New York), 35, 4, 1983;Google Scholar and Callincos, Alex, Southern Africa After Zimbabwe (London, 1981).Google Scholar

^{Page 392 note 1} Tekere, ‘Interview’ in Moto.

^{Page 392 note 2} Anon, ‘The Nature of a One-Party Democracy’, in The Herald, 29 June 1983.

^{Page 392 note 3} Anon, ‘A Vanguard Party: the pros and cons’, in ibid. 7 August 1984.

^{Page 392 note 4} Anon, ‘The Nature of a One-Party Democracy’.

^{Page 392 note 5} Chakaodza, Austin, ‘Parties System Aids Subversion’, and ‘Socialist Path to State Success’, in The Sunday Mail, 10 and 17 February 1985, respectively.Google Scholar

^{Page 393 note 1} Madimutsa, loc. cit.

^{Page 393 note 2} Anon, , ‘The One-Party State Debate’. A recent editorial in the Z.A.N.U.(P.F.) journal, Zimbabwe News, 17, 1, 01 1986, discusses the charge that the Government behaves ‘paternalistically’ towards the working-class.Google Scholar

^{Page 393 note 3} Sanders, David, ‘The State and Popular Organisation’, in Social Change and Development, 8, 1984.Google Scholar

^{Page 393 note 4} Lefort, René, Ethiopia: and heretical revolution? (London, 1983), p. 60.Google Scholar

^{Page 394 note 1} Engels, Friedrich, The German Revolutions, edited by Leonard, Krieger (Chicago, 1967), p. 104.Google Scholar

^{Page 394 note 2} See Astrow, op. cit.; Bobo, loc. cit.; Callincos, op. cit.; and Chandhoke, Neera, ‘The Prospects for Liberal Democracy in Zimbabwe’, in The Indian Political Science Review (Delhi), 17, 1, 01 1983, on aspects of dependency theory as applied to Zimbabwe.Google Scholar