^{page 427 note 1} Bromley, Ray, ‘Introduction – the Urban Informal Sector: why is it worth discussing?’, in World Development (Oxford), VI, 9–10, 1978, pp. 1034–5.Google Scholar

^{page 428 note 1} Long, Norman and Richardson, Paul, ‘Informal Sector, Petty Commodity Production, and the Social Relations of Small-Scale Enterprise’, in Clammer, John (ed.), The New Economic Anthropology (London, 1978), p. 182.Google Scholar

^{page 428 note 2} Taylor, John G., From Modernisation to Modes of Production: a critique of the sociologies of development and underdevelopment (London, 1979), p. 215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^{page 428 note 5} For a discussion of these ideas, see Aidan Foster-Carter, ‘Can We Articulate “Articulation”?’, in Clammer (ed), op. cit. pp. 217–21.

^{page 428 note 6} Claude Meillassoux, ‘Economic Anthropology and the Sociology of Development’, in Clammer (ed.), op. cit. p. 218.

^{page 428 note 7} Williams, Gavin and Mutebile, Emmanuel Tumusiime, ‘Capitalist and Petty Commodity Production in Nigeria: a note’, in World Development, VI, 9–10, 1978, pp. 1103–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 429 note 1} Long and Richardson, loc. cit. p. 186.

^{page 429 note 2} Gerry, Chris, ‘Small-Scale Manufacturing and Repairs in Dakar: a survey of market relations within the urban economy’, in Bromley, Ray and Gerry, Chris (eds.), Casual Work and Poverty in Third World Cities (London, 1979), pp. 229–50;Google Scholar and Moser, Caroline, ‘Informal Sector or Petty Commodity Production: dualism or dependence in urban development?‘, in World Development, VI, 9–10, 1978, pp. 1041–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 429 note 3} Long and Richardson, loc. cit. p. 204.

^{page 429 note 4} As with Nigeria generally, there is no reliable census data for the main cities and towns. An estimate of 150,000–200,000, though probably highly inaccurate, would give some sense of the size of Zaria.

^{page 430 note 1} Mortimore, Michael J. (ed), Zaria and its Region (Zaria, 1970).Google Scholar

^{page 430 note 2} The gida (pl. gidaje) was the household unit within which production and reproduction were based. Shenton, Bob and Freund, Bill, ‘The Incorporation of Northern Nigeria into the World Capitalist Economy’, in Review of African Political Economy (London), 13, 05–08 1978, p. 17.Google Scholar

^{page 430 note 3} Cadbury Nigeria Limited was a private company owned by Cadbury Schweppes Overseas Limited. In 1976 it went public with 40 per cent of the equity going to Nigerians to conform with the Nigerian Enterprise Decree. At the end of 1978 Cadbury's own holding was reduced to 40 per cent.

^{page 431 note 1} Cadbury Schweppes Limited, Annual Report and Accounts: 1972 (London, 1973), p. 33.Google Scholar

^{page 432 note 1} Quinn, J. G., ‘Prospects for a Tomato Paste Industry’, in Span (Derby), XVI, 1, 01 1973.Google Scholar

^{page 432 note 2} I would like to thank the project manager at Zaria, William Farley, who provided much of the available information; Ann Tobin, who was responsible for collecting the data; and the Board of Research at Ahmadu Bello University which funded the programme of which this study was a part.

^{page 432 note 3} Feder, Ernest, ‘The New Penetration of the Agricultures of the Underdeveloped Countries by the Industrial Nations and their Multinational Concerns’, University of Glasgow, Occasional Paper No. 19, 1975 p. 17.Google Scholar

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^{page 433 note 2} At that time the official exchange rate was ₦I (100 kobo) = £0·80, although the probably more realistic black market price was ₦I= £0·50.

^{page 434 note 1} Agbonifo and Cohen, loc. cit. p. 370.

^{page 434 note 2} Cliffe, Lionel, ‘Rural Political Economy of Africa’, in Gutkind, Peter C. W. and Wallerstein, Immanuel (eds.), The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa (Beverley Hills and London, 1976), p. 123.Google Scholar

^{page 434 note 3} Agbonifo and Cohen, loc. cit. p. 372.

^{page 434 note 4} Shenton and Freund, loc. cit. p. 18.

^{page 435 note 1} Ray Bromley and Chris Gerry, ‘Who Are the Casual Poor?’, in Bromley and Gerry (eds.), op.cit. p. 3.

^{page 436 note 1} The conversion figure, in theory, was 12 tons of fruit to one of paste. but in practice they were able to produce at a rate of 10·6:1.

^{page 438 note 1} Feder, Ernest, Strawberry Imperialism: an enquiry into the mechanism of dependency in Mexican agriculture (The Hague, 1977), p. 35.Google Scholar

^{page 438 note 2} Agbonifo and Cohen, loc. cit. p. 370.

^{page 439 note 1} Feder, , Strawberry Imperialism, p. 9.Google Scholar

^{page 439 note 2} Agbonifo and Cohen, loc. cit. p. 377.

^{page 439 note 3} George, Susan, How the Other Half Dies: the real reasons for world hunger (London, 1976).Google Scholar

^{page 440 note 1} Jackson, Sam, ‘Hausa Women on Strike’, in Review of African Political Economy, 13, 05–08 1978, p. 22.Google Scholar

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^{page 441 note 1} Peace, Adrian, Choice and Conflict: a study of Southern Nigerian factory workers (Brighton, 1979), p. 141.Google Scholar

^{page 441 note 2} Gavin Williams, ‘Taking the Part of Peasants: rural development in Nigeria and Tanzania’, in Gutkind and Wallerstein (eds.), op. cit. p. 131.

^{page 441 note 3} During the early 1970s, another scheme was initiated at Gombe that involved plantations with excellent water supplies and large-scale mechanisation, wholly financed and organised by the North-East State. Since the farmers were salaried this gave the Government the sort of hold over them which Cadbury Nigeria had eventually sought. Ironically, the plant closed in 1974 due to management problems, alleged corruption, and contaminated water supplies, thus suggesting that control of the farmers is far from being the solution.

^{page 441 note 4} Gavin Williams, ‘Introduction’, in Williams (ed.), op. cit. p. 7.