^{Page 234 note 1} Before embarking on the conquest of Cush, the Emperor Nero (A.D. 54–68) despatched two centurions with some Praetorian troops to report on the country. The troops seem to have travelled as far as the Sudd region in the Southern Sudan, where they encountered ‘some marshes of enormous extent[where] the muddy water was covered over with an entangled mass of weeds, which it was impossible to wade through or sail over]. Budge, W., The Egyptian Sudan (London, 1908), vol. II, p. 172.Google Scholar

^{Page 234 note 2} According to Sir Douglas Newbold, the number of pyramids in the Sudan is greater than in Egypt. See Henderson, K. D. D. (ed.), The Making of the Modern Sudan (London, 1953), p.481.Google Scholar

^{Page 235 note 1} Isaiah, XXXVII, 9, and Kings, XVIII and XIX.

^{Page 235 note 2} On the wider theme, see Arnold, T., The Preaching of Islam (London, 1935)Google Scholar; on the Sudan, Yousif Fadl Hasan, The Arabs and the Sudan (Edinburgh, 1967).Google Scholar

^{Page 236 note 1} Ibn Khaldūn uses the expression 'Aājim, which Lane Poole, among others, translates as ‘infidels’. But this is obviously wrong since the word 'Aājim literally means non-Arabic speaking people, and is used with reference to non-Arabic speaking Muslims as well as others. ‘Barbarians’ as used by the Greeks comes closer to the Arabic expression.

^{Page 236 note 2} Khaldūn, Ibn, Tarikh (Cairo, n. d.), vol. v, p. 429.Google Scholar

^{Page 236 note 3} Arkell, A. J., A History of the Sudan from the Earliest Times to 1821 (London, 1955), p. 199.Google Scholar

^{Page 237 note 1} For an excellent study of these people see Cunnison, I., Baggara Arabs (Oxford, 1966).Google Scholar

^{Page 238 note 1} See the relevant texts in Al-Sudan Min 13 Fabrayir 1841 ila 12 Fabrayir 1953 (Cairo, 1953), p. 1–2.Google Scholar

^{Page 238 note 2} al-Rafi'i, 'Abd al-Rabmán, Miṣr wal-Sūdān (Cairo, 1948), P. 83.Google Scholar

^{Page 238 note 3} In 1899 only the northern boundary of the Sudan was defined with any degree of precision. Until 1910, the Lado enclave was administered by the Belgians, and Darfur did not become part of the Sudan until 1916. More important in this connexion is the fact that the idea of fixed and well-defined boundaries was itself unknown in the Sudan before the present century.

^{Page 239 note 1} Nadler, L. F., ‘The Two Sudans’, in Hamilton, J. A. (ed.), The Sudan from Within (London, 1935), p. 94–5.Google Scholar

^{Page 239 note 2} Tabaqāt wad Ḍaif-Alla is still the best source on Ṣufism in the Sudan. Also see alMajīd'Aābdīn, 'Abd, Tarīkh al- Tharīkh a1-Thaq̣āfa al-'Arabiyya Fil-Sūdān (Cairo, 1953).Google Scholar

^{Page 240 note 1} Letter of 13 January 1901, from Wingate to Cromer; the Wingate papers, School of Oriental Studies, University of Durham.

^{Page 241 note 1} See al-Rabīm, Muddathir 'Abd, ‘Early Sudanese Nationalism: 1900–1938’, in Sudan Notes and Records (Khartoum), XLVII, 1966Google Scholar, and Imperialism and Nationalism in the Sudan (Oxford, 1969).Google Scholar

^{Page 241 note 2} See footnote I, p. 238 above.

^{Page 242 note 1} See al-Raḥīm, Muddathir'Abd, ‘The Development of British Policy in the Southern Sudan’, in Middle Eastern Studies (London), II, 3, 04 1966Google Scholar. The same paper, together with six appendices, has been published as a booklet by Khartoum University Press, 1968.

^{Page 243 note 1} See al-Nuwayhi, Muhammad, a1-Ittijahāt al-Shi'iriyya Fil-Sūdān (Cairo, 1957), particularly chs. 2 and 8.Google Scholar

^{Page 244 note 1} On this theme, see Zeine, Zeine N., Arab–Turkish Relations and the Rise of Arab-Nationalism (Beirut, 1958)Google Scholar, particularly the last chapter; al-Daghāgh, 'Umar, al-Ittijāh al-Qawmi FilShi'ir al-'Araby al-Hadīth (Halab, 1963), especially pp. 35–72Google Scholar; and al-Maqdisy, Anīs, al Ittijahāt al- Adabiyya Fil-'Aālam-al 'Arabi al-Hadīth’ (Beirut, 1952).Google Scholar

^{Page 244 note 2} See, for example, Nuseibeh, Hazim Zaki, The Ideas of Arab Nationalism (Cornell, 1959)Google Scholar, and al-Daghāgh, op. cit. p. 105–52.

^{Page 245 note 1} Although this sentiment has never assumed in the Sudan the proportions of, for instance, Pharaoism in Egypt, traces of it can be clearly seen in the works of some Sudanese journalists and writers of popular histories.

^{Page 246 note 1} al-Fajr (Khartoum), I 04 1935, pp. 857–64, and 1601 1935, pp. 1040–5.Google Scholar

^{Page 246 note 2} al-Haraka al-Fikriyya Fil-Sūdān (Khartoum, 1941).Google Scholar

^{Page 247 note 1} For my view of the nature and development of the problem of the Southern Sudan in general, see The Deoelopment of British Policy in the Southern Sudan (Khartoum, 1968), app. VI.Google Scholar

^{Page 247 note 2} Cf. the proposals submitted to the Round Table Conference, March 1965, and subsequently to the Twelve Men's Committee by the representatives of S.A.N.U. and the Southern Front, in my ‘Fourteen Documents On the Problem of the Southern Sudan, (Khartoum, 1965, mimeo.).

^{Page 247 note 3} This sort of view has been expressed, on several occasions, by a number of public figures from the Northern Sudan, including the former Minister of Local Government, Sayyid Uasan Mahjoub, and the late Ambassador Yūsif Muṣtafa al-Tinay.

^{Page 248 note 1} Cf. Muddathirdb'A al-Rahīm, ‘The Development of British Policy in the Southern Sudan’, app. II.

^{Page 248 note 2} See, for example, Nuseibeh, op. cit. especially pp. 51 and 656; and Atiyah, Edward, The Arabs (London, 1958), pp. 7–9.Google Scholar

^{Page 248 note 3} See Legum, Cohn, Pan -Africanism (London, 1962)Google Scholar, particularly on the concepts of negritude and the African Personality.