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L'Afrique et le monde des esprits.
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Article contents
President Kenneth Kaunda's Annual Address to the Zambian National Assembly: a Contextual Content Analysis of Changing Rhetoric, 1965–83
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 November 2008
Extract
Most writers on Zambia are agreed that President Kenneth Kaunda has grown more powerful over the last two decades by having learned to deal with changing circumstances, and that he has developed a unique position as an able and trusted mediator among political factions. There is also a consensus among those authors, however, that Kaunda's powers are rather severely constrained by the bourgeoisie-in-formation, by the weakening of the governing United National Independence Party (U.N.I.P.), by a declining economy, and by a difficult international environment, and that these limitations are growing stronger as time passes despite his ideological initiative in formulating what is known as ‘Zambian Humanism’.1
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- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987
References
Page 149 note 1 The most important studies of the Zambian Presidency include: Baylies, Carolyn Louise, ‘The State and Class Formation in Zambia’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1978, pp. 563–84, 608–16, 626–7, 851–62, 909–10, and 962;Google ScholarGertzel, Cherry, ‘Dissent and Authority in the Zambian One-Party State, 1973–80’, in Gertzel, (ed.), The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia (Manchester, 1984), pp. 102–6;Google ScholarHall, Richard, The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South (London, 1969);Google ScholarHatch, John, Two African Statesmen: Kaunda of Zambia, Nyerere of Tanzania (Chicago, 1976);Google ScholarPetman, Jan, Zambia: security and conflict (London, 1974), pp. 31–45;Google Scholar and William, Tordoff (ed), Politics in Zambia (Berkeley, 1974), pp. 11–39 and 363–401.Google Scholar
Page 149 note 2 This discussion draws heavily on Brunner, Ronald D. and Livomese, Katherine M., ‘The President's Annual Message’, in Congress and the Presidency (Washington, D.C.), 11, 1, Spring 1984, p. 39.Google Scholar
Page 151 note 1 Because of the large number of words analysed, all of the differences in frequencies reported in this article are statistically significant at the P 0·001 level. But other differences which are intuitively of minor importance because they are very small (for example, 0·03 per 1,000 words) are also statistically significant. Therefore, tests of significance are only reported for more qualitative differences in context.
Page 151 note 2 Kucera, Henry and Francis, W. Nelson, Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English(Providence, 1967), p. 5.Google Scholar
Page 151 note 3 In addition to ‘they’, ‘one’, ‘their’, ‘more’, ‘no’, ‘only’, ‘other’, ‘new’, ‘first’, and ‘now’, whose frequencies are found in the right-hand column of Table 2, mention must be made of ‘very’ (796) and ‘during’ (585). Ibid. p. 5.
Page 153 note 1 These words and their frequencies are ‘people’ (847), ‘world’ (787), ‘work’ (760), ‘year’ (660), ‘house’ (591), ‘government’ (417), ‘national’, (375), ‘development’ (334), ‘members’ (325), ‘country’ (324), ‘economic’ (243), ‘party’ (216), ‘plan’ (205), ‘peace’ (198), ‘training’ (156), ‘nation’ (139), ‘independence’ (70), and ‘rural’ (54) Ibid. pp. 5–6, 8, and 10.
Page 157 note 1 Scarritt, James R., ‘Elite Values, Ideology, and Power in Post-Independence Zambia’, in African Studies Review (East Lansing), 14, 1, 04 1971, pp. 42–3.Google Scholar
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