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2. Recent surveys of the Sixties movements include Burns, Stewart, Social Movements of the 1960s: Searching for Democracy (Boston, 1990)Google Scholar; Chalmers, David, And the Crooked Places Made Straight: The Struggle for Social Change in the 1960s (Baltimore, 1991)Google Scholar. Older works are O'Neill, William L., Coming Apart: An Informal History of America in the 1960's (New York, 1971)Google Scholar; Unger, Irwin, The Movement: A History of the New Left (New York, 1974)Google Scholar; Viorst, Milton, Fire in the Streets: America in the 1960s (New York, 1979)Google Scholar. An account that combines history and memoir is Gitlin, Todd, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York, 1987)Google Scholar.

3. On the war, see Anderson, Karen, Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II (Westport, Conn., 1981)Google Scholar; Campbell, D'Ann, Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (Cambridge, Mass., 1984)Google Scholar; Johnson, Marilynn S., The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993)Google Scholar; Klein, Ethel, Gender Politics: From Consciousness to Mass Politics (Cambridge, Mass., 1984), 35–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4. On the diaspora, see Lemann, Nicholas, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (New York, 1991)Google Scholar; Grossman, James R., Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Broussard, Albert S., Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900–1954 (Lawrence, Kan., 1993)Google Scholar.

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6. Garrow, David J., Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York, 1986), 90–91Google Scholar, 118, 124; Lewis, David L., King: A Biography, 2d ed. (Urbana, 1978; orig. 1970), 34, 36, 99–105Google Scholar; John Lewis quoted in Williams, Juan, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965 (New York, 1987), 139Google Scholar. In the Sixties a highly influential book on Algeria was Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth (trans., New York, 1963; Paris, 1961)Google Scholar.

7. Schultz, Bud and Schultz, Ruth, eds., It Did Happen Here: Recollections of Political Repression in America (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1989)Google Scholar; Gitlin, Sixties, 63–64. On specific areas, see Bernstein, Carl, Loyalties: A Son's Memoir (New York, 1989)Google Scholar; Ginger, Ann F. and Christiano, David, eds., The Cold War Against Labor, 2 vols. (Berkeley, 1987)Google Scholar; Schrecker, Ellen W., No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities (New York, 1986)Google Scholar; Ceplair, Larry and Englund, Steven, The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community, 1930–1960 (Garden City, N.Y., 1980)Google Scholar; and May, Lary, ed., Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of the Cold War (Chicago, 1989)Google Scholar. See also Gornick, Vivian, The Romance of American Communism (New York, 1977)Google Scholar; Starobin, Joseph R., American Communism in Crisis, 1943–1957 (Cambridge, Mass., 1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wechsler, James A., The Age of Suspicion (New York, 1953)Google Scholar; and Belfrage, Cedric, The American Inquisition, 1945–1960: A Profile of the “McCarthy Era” (Indianapolis, 1973)Google Scholar.

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9. On Berkeley, see Rorabaugh, W. J., Berkeley at War: The 1960s (New York, 1989), 56, 62, 71Google Scholar. On the South, see Murray, Song, 200–206, 208; Goldfield, David R., Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the Present (Baton Rouge, 1990)Google Scholar. The voting statistic is in Hartmann, Susan M., From Margin to Mainstream: American Women and Politics Since 1960 (Philadelphia, 1989), 6Google Scholar.

10. Wilkins, Roy, Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins (New York, 1982)Google Scholar; Greenberg, Jack, Crusaders in the Courts: How a Dedicated Band of Lawyers Fought for the Civil Rights Revolution (New York, 1994)Google Scholar; Tushnet, Mark V., Making Civil Rights Law. Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936–1961 (New York, 1994)Google Scholar; Lewis, King, 117. On CORE, see Meier, August and Rudwick, Elliott, CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942–1968 (New York, 1973)Google Scholar.

11. On Parks, see Giddings, When and Where, 262–67. On King, the most detailed account is Garrow, Bearing the Cross; a fine short biography is Lewis, King. On nonviolence, see ibid., 34, 72, 85–87, 96–105. Still valuable is King, Martin L. Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York, 1958)Google Scholar.

12. Donner, Frank J., The Un-Americans (New York, 1961)Google Scholar.

13. On culture, see Dickstein, Morris, Gates of Eden: American Culture in the Sixties (New York, 1977)Google Scholar; Gitlin, Sixties, 31–54. For a bleaker assessment, see Sale, Kirkpatrick, SDS (New York, 1973), 19–20Google Scholar. Also breaking barriers were the comedians Steve Allen, Lenny Bruce, Alexander King, and Mort Sahl. On the Beats, see Kerouac, Jack, On the Road (New York, 1957)Google Scholar; and Ginsberg, Allen, Allen Verbatim: Lectures on Poetry, Politics, Consciousness, ed. Ball, Gordon (New York, 1974)Google Scholar. Astute observations on the WASP establishment are in Alsop, Joseph W., l've Seen the Best of It: Memoirs (New York, 1992), 17–78Google Scholar. On Mills, see Miller, Democracy, 79–91. See also Mills's important essay, “Letter to the New Left,” [London] New Left Review (September–October 1960). It was republished in the United States as “On the New Left,” Studies on the Left 2, no. 1 (1961). The publishing history is in Jacobs, Paul and Landau, Saul, eds., The New Radicals: A Report with Documents (New York, 1966), 101Google Scholar, which also reprints the essay. Other restless intellectuals included Paul Goodman, Michael Harrington, and Dwight Macdonald.

14. Gitlin, Sixties, 57–58; Miller, Democracy, 16, 47, 55–56; Harrison, Cynthia, On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1988), 69–72Google Scholar; Hayden, Tom, Reunion: A Memoir (New York, 1988), 45–46Google Scholar; Isserman, Maurice, If I Had a Hammer: The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left (New York, 1987), 194–98Google Scholar. See, in general, Bernstein, Irving, Promises Kept: John F. Kennedy's New Frontier (New York, 1991)Google Scholar.

15. Miller, Democracy, 50–52; Hayden, Reunion, 32, 35, 79. On rejection of anticommunism, see Miller, Democracy, 112–17, 138; Sale, SDS, 56–57, 106; Gitlin, Sixties, 60–62; Isserman, Hammer, 173–74, 180–203. Still useful is Newfield, Jack, A Prophetic Minority (New York, 1966)Google Scholar.

16. On sectarianism, see Isserman, Hammer. On Port Huron, see Miller, Democracy, 106–25; “The Port Huron Statement,” ibid., 329–74; Sale, SDS, 47–59. See also Hayden, Reunion, 84–102.

17. On left-fringe ties, see Gitlin, Sixties, 74–75; Miller, Democracy, 28, 43–45, 160–61, 179 (quote at 161). Dylan's importance can be understood best through his early songs, which others widely performed and recorded before Dylan became a star. Bob Dylan, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963) and The Times They Are A-Changin' (1964). See also Dylan, Bob, Lyrics, 1962–1985 (New York, 1985; orig. 1973)Google Scholar. On drugs, see Miller, Democracy, 238; Sale, SDS, 204, 211, 264. See also Lasch, Christopher, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York, 1978)Google Scholar.

18. On civil rights roots, see Miller, Democracy, 49–50, 57–61, 121; Sale, SDS, 35–36, 82–84; Evans, Sara, Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (New York, 1979), 103–5Google Scholar; Hayden, Reunion, 31–32, 46–48, 53–57, 60–72; Rorabaugh, Berkeley, 19, 22, 43, 46, 72–73, 83; Rossman, Michael, The Wedding Within the War (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), 82–91Google Scholar. Examples are Robb Burlage, Tom Hayden, and Mario Savio.

19. On liberal origins, see Miller, Democracy, 23, 31–32, 71, 72, 74, 179, 219, 224–25; Sale, SDS, 89n; Evans, Personal Politics, 105–7; Gitlin, Sixties, 60, 66; Hayden, Reunion, 6. On the Cold War, see Miller, Democracy, 51, 108, 111–17, 120–22, 127–35; Hayden quote from Michigan Daily, September 22, 1960, ibid, 31; “The Port Huron Statement,” ibid., 329; Sale, SDS, 51–52, 55. On the Cuban Missile Crisis, see Miller, Democracy, 163–65.

20. Miller, Democracy, 35, 73–74, 116–17, 135–37; Sale, SDS, 89; Evans, Personal Politics, 120–24; Gitlin, Sixties, 67, 72–76.

21. Miller, Democracy, 139–40, 161–62; Sale, SDS, 60–68, 239–40; Breines, Wini, Community and Organization in the New Left, 1962–1968 (New York, 1982), 13–17Google Scholar. See “The Port Huron Statement,” in Miller, Democracy, 329–74. See, in general, Isserman, Hammer.

22. On openness, see Miller, Democracy, 205–6; Sale, SDS, 90. On participatory democracy, see Miller, Democracy, 94–95, 142–48, 152–54, 207; “The Port Huron Statement,” ibid., 333. On male domination, see Evans, Personal Politics, 108–9, 116, 166–67.

23. On ERAP, see Miller, Democracy, 184, 190–217; Evans, Personal Politics, 129–55; Sale, SDS, 102–115, 131–50; Hartmann, Margin, 39; Breines, Community, 80–82. On Newark, see Tom Hayden, Reunion, 123–50, and on Chicago, see Gitlin, Todd and Hollander, Nanci, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York, 1970)Google Scholar. On black ideas, see Carson, Claborne, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 217Google Scholar; King, Mary, Freedom Song: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement (New York, 1987), 499Google Scholar; Morgan, Robin, Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist (New York, 1978), 102Google Scholar.

24. Rorabaugh, Berkeley; Buhle, Paul, ed., History and the New Left: Madison, Wisconsin, 1950–1970 (Philadelphia, 1990)Google Scholar; on Kent, Ohio; Buffalo, N.Y.; State College, Pa.; and E. Lansing, Mich., see Heineman, Kenneth J., Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era (New York, 1993)Google Scholar; Rossinow, Douglas C., “Break-through: White Youth Radicalism in Austin, Texas, 1956–1973,” Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1994Google Scholar.

25. Miller, Democracy, 226–37, 249–51, 255–59; Sale, SDS, 171–99, 208, 213–14, 219–21, 226–36. One of the fullest chronicles of the antiwar movement is by the Socialist Workers party's Halstead, Fred, Out Now! A Participant's Account of the American Movement Against the Vietnam War (New York, 1978)Google Scholar.

26. On the draft, see Sale, SDS, 253–64, 302–4, 311–16, 319–24; Evans, Personal Politics, 170–73. On draft-card burning, see Rorabaugh, Berkeley, 92, 115; Sale, SDS, 322–24.

27. On women and the draft, see Evans, Personal Politics, 170–73, 179, 181–82, 185; Sale, SDS, 357; Hartmann, Margin, 40. On the poster, see Baez, Joan, And a Voice to Sing With: A Memoir (New York, 1987), 152–53Google Scholar; third illustration following p. 254. Baez's husband, David Harris, was a Resistance leader and went to jail. Harris, David, Dreams Die Hard: Three Men's Journey Through the Sixties (New York, 1982)Google Scholar. On the Resistance, see Lynd, Alice, ed., We Won't Go: Personal Accounts of War Objectors (Boston, 1968)Google Scholar; Ferber, Michael and Lynd, Staughton, The Resistance (Boston, 1971)Google Scholar.

28. Miller, Democracy, 169, 172–74, 182; Sale, SDS, 155–56, 219, (Calvert) 318–19; Rorabaugh, Berkeley, 105.

29. On Chicago, see Miller, Democracy, 284–86, 295–306 (quote at 304); Sale, SDS, 472–77; Hayden, Reunion, 293–322; Gitlin, Todd,, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1980)Google Scholar. The fullest account is Farber, David, Chicago ʼ68 (Chicago, 1988)Google Scholar. “We must name that system,” said Paul Potter in a speech (1965), excerpted in Miller, Democracy, 232–33 (quote at 232); see also Sale, SDS, 187–89. The theme was continued in a speech by Carl Oglesby, “Trapped in a System” (1965), in Teodori, Massimo, ed., The New Left: A Documentary History (Indianapolis, 1969), 1982–88Google Scholar. See also Sale, SDS, 242–45. For Oglesby's leftward movement, see his “Notes on a Decade Ready for the Dustbin” (1969), in Myers, R. David, ed., Toward a History of the New Left: Essays from Within the Movement (Brooklyn, 1989), 21–48Google Scholar. On rising radicalism, see Miller, Democracy, 307–8; Sale, SDS, 203–6, 280–82, 310, 335–36, 363–64. The principal factions were the National Office (Weatherman), Progressive Labor, Revolutionary Youth Movement I, and Revolutionary Youth Movement II. For a complete account, see Sale, SDS, 557–66.

30. A full account of the PL takeover is in Sale, SDS, 557–99 (Walls quote at 566). Early warnings are in ibid., 210–11; Miller, Democracy, 67, 139.

31. Dylan's line is from “Subterranean Homesick Blues,” Bringing It All Back Home (1965). On Weatherman, see Jacobs, Harold, ed., Weatherman (Berkeley, 1970)Google Scholar. The bombing is in Powers, Thomas, Diana: The Making of a Terrorist (Boston, 1971)Google Scholar; Sale, SDS, 3–5. A fictionalized but psychologically correct account is offered in the film, A Small Circle of Friends (1980). On male domination, see Ti-Grace Atkinson, “The Sacrifice of Lambs” (1969), in Amazon Odyssey (New York, 1974), 29Google Scholar; Ferree, Myra M. and Hess, Beth B., Controversy and Coalition: The New Feminist Movement (Boston, 1985), 57–61Google Scholar; Morgan, Going Too Far, 4 (quote), 82–83, 115.

32. Miller, Democracy, 297; Sale, SDS, 275–76, 347–48; Theoharis, Athan G. and Cox, John S., The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the American Inquisition (Philadelphia, 1988), 345–47, 361, 381Google Scholar. In general, see Blackstock, Nelson, COINTELPRO: The FBI's Secret War on Political Freedom (New York, 1988)Google Scholar. For details in one case, see Hayden, Reunion, xvii–xviii, 199–201, 283–95, 300–317, 339–45, and other FBI entries in the index. For infiltrators' accounts, see Divale, William T., I Lived Inside the Campus Revolution (New York, 1970)Google Scholar; Payne, Cril, Deep Cover: An FBI Agent Infiltrates the Radical Underground (New York, 1979)Google Scholar; Luce, Phillip A., The New Left (New York, 1966)Google Scholar, and The New Left Today: America's Trojan Horse (Washington, D.C., 1971)Google Scholar. Luce pretended to be a defector.

33. Miller, Democracy, 151–52; Morgan, Going Too Far, 61. See, in general, Sale, SDS. All youth movements suffer from impatience. See Feuer, Lewis S., The Conflict of Generations: The Character and Significance of Student Movements (New York, 1969)Google Scholar.

34. On Greensboro, see Chafe, William H., Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York, 1980)Google Scholar; Wolff, Miles, Lunch at the 5 & 10, rev ed. (Chicago, 1990Google Scholar; originally published 1970). On the response, see Giddings, When and Where, 274; Miller, Democracy, 34–35. On SCLC see Giddings, When and Where, 268; Garrow, Bearing the Cross. On women, see Hartmann, Margin, 24, 29–30. On the civil rights movement in general, see Bloom, Jack M., Class, Race, and the Civil Rights Movement (Bloomington, 1987)Google Scholar; Blumberg, Rhoda L., Civil Rights: The 1960s Freedom Struggle, rev. ed. (Boston, 1991)Google Scholar; Branch, Taylor, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963 (New York, 1988)Google Scholar; Meier and Rudwick, CORE; Weisbrot, Robert, Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement (New York, 1990)Google Scholar. An excellent anthology is Raines, Howell, My Soul Is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered (New York, 1977)Google Scholar.

35. On the founding, see Giddings, When and Where, 274; Hartmann, Margin, 26–28; King, Freedom Song, 43–46; Lewis, King, 115–16; Miller, Democracy, 56. In general, see Carson, In Struggle, esp. 19–21. On Baker, see Dallard, Shyrlee, Ella Baker: A Leader Behind the Scenes (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1990)Google Scholar. For an excellent account by a student activist, see Moody, Anne, Coming of Age in Mississippi (New York, 1968)Google Scholar. Still useful is Zinn, Howard, SNCC (Boston, 1964)Google Scholar.

36. On Mississippi, see Brauer, Carl M., John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction (New York, 1977), 109, 180–204Google Scholar; Carson, In Struggle, 45–51, 77–81, 85–89; King, Freedom Song, 121–53, Reeves, President Kennedy, 354–64. A splendid, full recent account is Dittmer, John, Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi (Urbana, 1994), esp. 90–214Google Scholar. On Evers's assassination, see Branch, Parting the Waters, 824–25, 827–33; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 269. On the recent trial and conviction, see Nossiter, Adam, Of Long Memory: Mississippi and the Murder of Medgar Evers (Reading, Mass., 1994)Google Scholar. The March on Washington is in Carson, In Struggle, 91–95; Giddings, When and Where, 313–14; King, Freedom Song, 182–85; Lewis, King, 214–31; Murray, Song, 353–54.

37. On Moses, see Burner, Eric R., And Gently He Shall Lead Them: Robert Parris Moses and Civil Rights in Mississippi (New York, 1994)Google Scholar. On the Summer Project, see Belfrage, Sally, Freedom Summer (New York, 1965)Google Scholar; Carson, In Struggle, 96–123; Chafe, William H., Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein and the Struggle to Save American Liberalism (New York, 1993), 187–210Google Scholar; King, Freedom Song, 367–436; Dittmer, Local People, 239–71; Sutherland, Elizabeth, ed., Letters from Mississippi (New York, 1965)Google Scholar; Rothschild, Mary A., “White Women Volunteers in the Freedom Summers,” Feminist Studies 5, no. 3 (Fall 1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Von Hoffman, Nicholas, Mississippi Notebook (New York, 1964)Google Scholar. The numbers are in McAdam, Doug, Freedom Summer (New York, 1988), 4, 7, 9Google Scholar. On the Philadelphia, Mississippi, murders, see Mars, Florence, Witness in Philadelphia (Baton Rouge, 1977)Google Scholar. Mississippi Burning (1988) was a much criticized Hollywood film of this event.

38. On the Civil Rights Act, see Graham, Hugh D., The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy (New York, 1990), 74–99Google Scholar, 125–52; Carson, In Struggle, 123–29; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 337. See also Stern, Mark, Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights (New Brunswick, 1992)Google Scholar. On the 1964 convention, see Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 345–51; Giddings, When and Where, 293–95; King, Freedom Song, 343–52; Lewis, King, 252–53. On Voting Rights, see Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 389, 395, 400, 406–8, 411; Graham, Civil Rights, 162–76; Lewis, King, 269, 277, 283–85, 294. On the long-term consequences, see Parker, Frank R., Black Votes Count: Political Empowerment in Mississippi (Chapel Hill, 1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On Selma, see Garrow, David J., Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (New Haven, 1978)Google Scholar; Lewis, King, 264–93.

39. On Watts, see Conot, Robert, Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness (New York, 1967)Google Scholar.

40. On nationalism, see Breitman, George, The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary (New York, 1967), 147Google Scholar; Carson, In Struggle, 204–5, 217, 219–20; King, Freedom Song, 533; Bracey, John H. Jr., Meier, August, and Rudwick, Elliott, eds., Black Nationalism in America (Indianapolis, 1970)Google Scholar On Jones, see Jones, Hettie, How I Became Hettie Jones (New York, 1990)Google Scholar. Lewis, David L., W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race (New York, 1993)Google Scholar; Duberman, Martin B., Paul Robeson (New York, 1988)Google Scholar. On music, see The Rolling Stone Rock Almanac (New York, 1983)Google Scholar.

41. On Black Muslims, see Giddings, When and Where, 318; Lomax, Louis E., When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World (Cleveland, 1963)Google Scholar.

42. On Malcolm X, see Malcolm, X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York, 1965)Google Scholar; Breitman, Last Year. See also Malcolm, X, Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements, ed. Breitman, George (New York, 1965)Google Scholar.

43. On the laws, see Carson, In Struggle, 141–42, 235. On disintegration, see ibid., 137, 181, 186; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 423–24; Hayden, Reunion, 162–63; King, Freedom Song, 432, 442, 476; Lewis, King, 248–51, 286–87. On the Great Society, see Matusow, Allen J., The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), 217–71Google Scholar.

44. On NWRO, see Freeman, Politics, 73–74; Giddings, When and Where, 304; Hartmann, Margin, 36–38. See also West, Guida, The National Welfare Rights Movement: The Social Protest of Poor Women (New York, 1981)Google Scholar. The sociologists Cloward and Piven argued that such pressure, including an all-out effort by eligible poor people to receive benefits, would force the political system to respond to poverty in a serious way. Ibid., 23–32, 37; Hartmann, Margin, 36; Richard A. Cloward and Frances Fox Piven, “A Strategy to End Poverty,” The Nation, May 1966. On the Poor People's Campaign, see Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 582–83, 591, 595–99, 607–9; Giddings, When and Where, 304, 312; Hayden, Reunion, 259–61; Matusow, Unraveling, 396–97. See also Abernathy, Ralph, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography (New York, 1989)Google Scholar.

45. Carson, In Struggle, 128, 175–90; Evans, Personal Politics, 95–98; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 424; King, Freedom Song, 494–96; Sale, SDS, 125n. See also Forman, James, The Making of Black Revolutionaries: A Personal Account (New York, 1972)Google Scholar; Haines, Herbert H., Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream, 1954–1970 (Knoxville, 1988)Google Scholar; Sellers, Cleveland, The River of No Return: The Autobiography of a Black Militant and the Life and Death of SNCC (New York, 1973)Google Scholar.

46. Carson, In Struggle, 219; Evans, Personal Politics, 97; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 481–83, 492; Giddings, When and Where, 315; Hartmann, Margin, 33; Hayden, Reunion, 162; King, Freedom Song, 500–501, 503–4, 506–7; Murray, Song, 402. On separatism, see Carson, In Struggle, 191–211; King, Freedom Song, 502–4, 510. In general, see Carmichael, Stokely and Hamilton, Charles V., Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York, 1967)Google Scholar; Carmichael, Stokely, Stokely Speaks: Black Power Back to Pan-Africanism (New York, 1971)Google Scholar.

47. On black power, see Carson, In Struggle, 127–28, 209–10, 215–28; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 481–82, 484–85, 487–88, 490–92, 532–34. See also William L. Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965–1975 (Chicago, 1992). On the Great Society, see Matusow, Unraveling, 217–71; Carson, In Struggle, 169; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 535; Hayden, Reunion, 261.

48. Matusow, Unraveling, 110–13, 124–26, 244–70; Carson, In Struggle, 238–39; 258–60; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 538–41, 545; Miller, Democracy, 271; West, Welfare, 20–22.

49. Carson, In Struggle, 216, 223, 233–34; Garrow, Bearing, 481–82; Hayden, Reunion, 163.

50. On Carmichael, see Carson, In Struggle, 227, 230, 237–38, 243, 251; Giddings, When and Where, 315; Hayden, Reunion, 163–65. On Brown, see ibid., 163; Giddings, When and Where, 315; Carson, In Struggle, 244, 252–57, 259–60. On Karenga, see ibid., 281, 283, 288; Davis, Autobiography, 161, 194; Giddings, When and Where, 316.

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52. Ferree and Hess, Controversy, 47; Hartmann, Margin, 33; bell hooks, Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (Boston, 1981), 5–9Google Scholar.

53. Carson, In Struggle, 222, 224, 226; Hayden, Reunion, 161, 164; Murray, Song in a Weary Throat, 391, 395–96. On COINTELPRO, see Carson, In Struggle, 284, 288. See also U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports of Intelligence Activities and Rights of Americans, Book 3 (Washington, D.C., 1976), 185–224 (commonly called the Church Report).

54. Stampp, Kenneth M., The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South (New York, 1956), viiGoogle Scholar. Stampp's statement attracted little notice until the 1960s, when he felt compelled to add an explanatory note. In recent editions the note has been incorporated in the text.

55. On race and gender, see Gornick, Vivian, “The Next Great Moment in History Is Theirs” (1969), in her Essays in Feminism (New York, 1978), 5–9Google Scholar; King, Freedom Song, 468, 470–71. On women in civil rights, see ibid., 261–62, 469–70; Giddings, When and Where, 278–81, 285–87. On Hamer, see ibid., 287–90; Carson, In Struggle, 73–74; King, Freedom Song, 140–44.

56. On the 1950s, see Freeman, Jo, The Politics of Women's Liberation: A Case Study of an Emerging Social Movement and Its Relation to the Policy Process (New York, 1975), 24–27Google Scholar, 32; Harrison, Account, xi, 171–72; May, Elaine T., Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988)Google Scholar. For a different interpretation, see Rupp, Leila J. and Taylor, Verta, Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women's Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s (New York, 1987), 194–95Google Scholar.

57. Freeman, Politics, 17, 24, 29–34; Klein, Gender Politics, 50–55. On divorce, see ibid., 69–74, 79; Hartmann, Margin, 23. Two books spurred change: de Beauvoir, Simone, The Second Sex (trans., New York, 1953; orig. Paris, 1949)Google Scholar; and Friedan, Betty, The Feminine Mystique (New York, 1963)Google Scholar.

58. Roosevelt also opposed the ERA. Harrison, Account, 73–80, 83, 85–87, 109–37; Freeman, Politics, 52; Reeves, Kennedy, 433; Rupp and Taylor, Survival, 166–74.

59. On the ERA, see Harrison, Account, 125–26, 129, 134; Murray, Song in a Weary Throat, 351–52; Rupp and Taylor, Survival, 169, 171. On the Equal Pay Act, see Freeman, Politics, 171, 175–76; Harrison, Account, 87, 89–105; Rupp and Taylor, Survival, 175. On networks, see Freeman, Politics, 48, 52, 65–67; Harrison, Account, 165. The two groups are ibid., 159, 174.

60. On Friedan, see Harrison, Account, 159, 171–72; King, Freedom Song, 78. On state commissions, see Harrison, Account, 161, 185. On Title VII, see ibid., 177–81; Freeman, Politics, 54, 171; Murray, Song in a Weary Throat, 357; Rupp and Taylor, Survival, 176–78. The most complete account is Brauer, Carl M., “Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sex Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act,” Journal of Southern History 49 (1983): 37–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Graham, Civil Rights, 134–40.

61. Ferree and Hess, Controversy, 54; Freeman, Politics, 179, 181, 184–85; Harrison, Account, 187, 192; Murray, Song in a Weary Throat, 366; Rupp and Taylor, Survival, 179. In general, see Graham, Civil Rights, 205–32. On newspaper ads, see Freeman, Politics, 77–79; Harrison, Account, 188–90.

62. Freeman, Politics, 54–55; Giddings, When and Where, 303–4; Graham, Civil Rights, 225–28; Harrison, Account, 191–97; Murray, Song in a Weary Throat, 366–68; Rupp and Taylor, Survival, 180. For the inside story, see Friedan, Betty, It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement (New York, 1976), 75–911Google Scholar.

63. Freeman, Politics, 56, 75–76, 80–81, 97–99; Harrison, Account, 197–208; Rupp and Taylor, Survival, 181–83; “NOW Bill of Rights” (1967), in Morgan, Robin, ed., Sisterhood Is Powerful (New York, 1970), 512–14Google Scholar.

64. On Murray, see Giddings, When and Where, 304; Harrison, Account, 126, 134; Rupp and Taylor, Survival, 173; and in general, Murray, Song in a Weary Throat. On black women, see Ferree and Hess, Controversy, 58; Freeman, Politics, 40–42; Giddings, When and Where, 302, 307; Hartmann, Margin, 32; King, Freedom Song, 462–64; Morgan, Sisterhood, xxvi, xxviii.

65. Evans, Personal Politics, 46, 78–81; King, Freedom Song, 75–76, 124, 126, 464–66.

66. Evans, Personal Politics, 56–57; Hartmann, Margin, 32; King, Freedom Song, 172, 288, 442–55.

67. On ideas, see Ferree and Hess, Controversy, 45–47; Freeman, Politics, 28; King, Freedom Song, 76–78, 172. On religion, see ibid., 54–55, 274–76; Evans, Personal Politics, 28–36. On southerners, see Chappell, David L., Inside Agitators: White Southerners in the Civil Rights Movement (Baltimore, 1994)Google Scholar.

68. On pressure, see Evans, Personal Politics, 79, 94; Freeman, Politics, 143–44; King, Freeman Song, 488, 492–96, 510–18, 530–33; Morgan, Going Too Far, 14. On ideas, see Freeman, Politics, 28, 51; Morgan, Going Too Far, 102–3. On Waveland, see Evans, Personal Politics, 85–88 (Carmichael quote at 87); Freeman, Politics, 57; Giddings, When and Where, 302; King, Freedom Song, 442–55. The memo is reprinted at 567–69.

69. On early SDS, see Evans, Personal Politics, 108; Gitlin, Sixties, 364–65, 368; Hayden, Reunion, 107–8. On WSP, see Gitlin, Sixties, 92–93, 99, 181, 265, 293; Hartmann, Margin, 41–42; Swerdlow, Amy, Women Strike for Peace: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s (Chicago, 1993)Google Scholar.

70. On rights activists, see Evans, Personal Politics, 89, 97–99; Giddings, When and Where, 303; Hartmann, Margin, 33; King, Freedom Song, 499. On Urbana, see Evans, Personal Politics, 101, 156–57, 162–66; Freeman, Politics, 57; Giddings, When and Where, 303; Gitlin, Sixties, 369–70; Sale, SDS, 252. On the 1967 meeting, see Freeman, Politics, 58; Gitlin, Sixties, 370–71; Sale, SDS, 362. The cartoon is in New Left Notes, 10 July 1967. On NCNP, see Evans, Personal Politics, 196–98; Freeman, Politics, 60.

71. Evans, Personal Politics, 124, 200, 205–6, 214–15. On Freeman, see Freeman, Politics, vii–xi, 109–11. On consciousness-raising, see ibid., 117; Gitlin, Sixties, 371; Hayden, Reunion, 421.

72. On Miss America, see Freeman, Politics, 112–13, 150; Morgan, Sisterhood, 521–24; Morgan, Going Too Far, 62–67. On the press, see ibid., 63. On WITCH, see ibid., 71–81; Morgan, Sisterhood, 538–53; Evans, Personal Politics, 224; Gitlin, Sixties, 362–64 (quote at 363), 373. Rat is in Morgan, Going Too Far, 116 (“Goodbye to All That” [1970]), 123–30 (quote at 130).

73. Ferree and Hess, Controversy, 27, 35; Freeman, Politics, 9; Harrison, Account, ix, 220; King, Freedom Song, 458; Morgan, Sisterhood, xxii.

74. Gornick, “Next Great Moment,” 21–22; Morgan, Sisterhood, xxiii; Atkinson, Amazon Odyssey (1968 speech quoted), 5. A good introduction to radical feminism is Echols, Alice, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 (Minneapolis, 1989)Google Scholar.

75. Freeman, Politics, 103–8; Morgan, Going Too Far, 60–61. “We are all still imprisoned by Marx,” wrote Ti-Grace Atkinson in Amazon Odyssey, xxiii.

76. Freeman, Politics, 108; Evans, Personal Politics, 66–68.

77. Perhaps the most vivid exception in terms of violence was Valerie Solanis, “Excerpts from the SCUM (Society for Cutting Up Men) Manifesto,” (1968), in Morgan, Sisterhood, 514–19. In June 1968, Solanis put her theory into practice by shooting Andy Warhol. Atkinson, Amazon Odyssey, 107n.