Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-pfhbr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T11:35:26.189Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Epilogue: A Look Ahead

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 October 2011

Otis L. Graham Jr
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Extract

Environmental policy is about fixing a problem—a large, complex, foundational problem. From the 1960s to the end of the century, the United States engaged this problem on a wider scale and with more energy than ever be-fore, as a part of a global, multinational effort in this direction. Seen from our experience and vantage, what are the prospects ahead of humanity and nature in the ongoing negotiation of our relationship?

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Ehrlich, Paul R., The Population Bomb (New York, 1968), 11Google Scholar ; Meadows, Donella H., Meadows, Dennis L., Randers, Jorgen, and Behrens, William W. III, The Limits to Growth (New York, 1972)Google Scholar ; Council on Environmental Quality, Global 2000 (Washington, D.C., 1980)Google Scholar.

2. Ehrlich interview with Playboy in 1970, quoted in Pohlman, Edward, ed., Population; A Clash of Prophets (New York, 1973), 15, 20Google Scholar.

3. Simon, Julian, The Ultimate Resource (Princeton, 1981), 9.Google Scholar See also Simon, Julian, ed., The State of Humanity (Maiden, Mass., 1996)Google Scholar.

4. Bartlett's, Albert review of Simon, The Ultimate Resource, in American Journal of Physics 53 (March 1985).Google Scholar

5. Easterbrook, Gregg, A Moment on the Earth (New York, 1995), xv–xvii.Google Scholar

6. For several essays in this mode, see Bailey, Ronald, ed., The True State of the Planet (New York, 1995)Google Scholar.

7. Ausubel, Jesse H. et al., “The Liberation of the Environment,” Daedalus 125 (Summer 1996): 215.Google Scholar

8. Gelbspan, Ross, The Heat Is On (Reading, Mass., 1977)Google Scholar , and Ivins, Molly, “Global Warming Games,” Washington Post, 16 August 1998, 69.Google Scholar On the “greening of business,” see Reinhardt, Forest L. and Vietor, Richard, Business Management and the Natural Environment (Cincinnati, 1996)Google Scholar , and the review of the literature in Press, Daniel and Mazmanian, Daniel A., “The Greening of Industry: Achievement and Potential,” in Vig, Norman J. and Kraft, Michael E., eds., Environmental Policy in the 1990s, 3d ed. (Washington, D.C., 1997), chap. 12Google Scholar.

9. See Kahn, Jennifer, “The Green Machine,” Harpers Magazine (April 1999), 7073Google Scholar ; Kluger, Jeffrey, “The Suicide Seeds,” Time (1 February 1999), 4445Google Scholar ; Pollan, Michael, Playing God in the Garden,” New York Times Magazine, 25 October 1998, 4482Google Scholar ; “Genetically Modified Food,” The Economist (19 June 1999), 1921Google Scholar , and Yoon, Carol K, “Reassessing Ecological Risks of Genetically Altered Crops,” The New York Times, 3 November 1999, A1, 22Google Scholar.

10. Petitt, C., “Two Stanford Scholars Take On Rosy Economist,” San Francisco Chronicle 18 May 1995.Google Scholar

11. For an account of the two bets and citations to sources, see Ehrlich, Paul and Ehrlich, Anne, The Betrayal of Science and Reason (Washington, D.C., 1996), 100104Google Scholar and notes 34-45, and Barnes, Bart, “Econoclastic Economist Julian Simon Dies,” Washington Post, 11 February 1998.Google Scholar See also Tierny, J., “Betting the Planet,” New York Times Magazine, 2 December 1990Google Scholar.

12. Shen, Fern, “Professor's $100,000 Slice of Pie in the Sky,” Washington Post, 6 February 1996.Google Scholar

13. , Ehrlich and , Ehrlich, Betrayal, 100104.Google Scholar

14. Julian Simon died in 1998.

15. See, for example, the exchange between Sagoff, Mark, “Do We Consume Too Much?” Atlantic Monthly, June 1997, andGoogle ScholarEhrlich, Paul R. et al., “No Middle Way on the Environment,” Atlantic Monthly, December 1997Google Scholar.

16. “United Nations World Population Projections to 2150,” Population and Development Review (March 1998), 183–84.Google Scholar

17. McKibben, Bill, “A Special Moment in History,” Atlantic Monthly (May 1998), 56.Google Scholar

18. Easterbrook, Gregg, “Here Comes the Sun,” New Yorker, 10 April 1995, 3843.Google Scholar

19. Daily, Gretchen et al., “Food Production: Population Growth, and the Environment,” Science 281 (28 August 1998), 1291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

20. See also Daily, G. C., “Restoring Value to theWorld's Degraded Lands,” Science 269 (1995).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

21. Tangley, Laura, “How Much Is a Forest Worth?” U.S. News and World Report (26 May 1997), 6061.Google Scholar

22. , McKibben, “A Special Moment in History,” 64.Google Scholar

23. Wackernagel, Mathis and Rees, William, Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth (Philadelphia, 1996), 11.Google Scholar

24. , Ehrlich and , Ehrlich, Population Explosion, 174–78.Google Scholar

25. Quammen, David, “Planet of Weeds,” Harpers Magazine, October 1998, 6768.Google Scholar

26. Brown, Lester, Who Will Feed China? (New York, 1995).Google Scholar

27. Kaplan, Robert D., “The Coming Anarchy,” Atlantic Monthly, February 1994.Google Scholar See also Kaplan, Robert D., The Ends of the Earth: A Journey to the Dawn of the 21st Century (New York, 1996).Google Scholar Other travel accounts reporting similar ecological crises are Hertsgaard, Mark, Earth Odyssey (Broadway Books, 1999)Google Scholar , especially good on China, and Eugene Linden, The Future in Plain Sight: Nine Clues to the Coming Instability (New York, 1998).Google Scholar For the report of the CIA's "State Failure Task Force” ordered by Vice-President Al Gore, see the Woodrow Wilson Center's Environmental Change and Security Project Report, Issue 5 (Summer, 1999), 4972Google Scholar.

28. Rostow, W. Walt, The Great Population Spike and After (New York, 1998), 187–88.Google Scholar

29. Ibid., 95.

30. Youngquist, Walter, Geodestinies (Portland, Ore., 1998), 164.Google Scholar

31. Kerr, Richard A, “The Next Oil Crisis Looms Large—and Perhaps Close,” Science 281 (21 August 1998), 1128–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Campbell, Colin J., The Coming Oil Crisis (Nowell, Mass., 1997)Google Scholar , and Campbell, Colin and Laherrere, Jean, “The End of Cheap Oil,” Scientific American (March 1998), 7883Google Scholar.

32. McKibben, Bill, “A Special Moment in History,” 5578.Google Scholar

33. Lubchenco, Jane, “Entering the Century of the Environment,” Science 279 (23 January 1998), 493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

34. From transmittal letter of Chairman John D. Rockefeller III to Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, Population and the American Future (New York, 1972)Google Scholar

35. See Beck and Kolankiewicz, pp.

36. Parfit, Michael, “Diminishing Returns: Exploiting the Ocean's Bounty,” National Geo-graphic (November 1995), 29.Google Scholar

37. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (New York, 1987), 69.Google Scholar

38. Architect Sim Vander Ryn, quoted in Dowie, Mark, Losing Ground: American Environmentalistn at the Close of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 235.Google Scholar

39. Farrell, Alex and Hart, Maureen, “What Does Sustainability Really Mean?” Environment (November 1998).Google Scholar