Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-21T05:37:16.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Behavioural insight and the labour market: evidence from a pilot study and a large stepped-wedge controlled trial

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 August 2019

Michael Sanders*
Affiliation:
The Policy Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
Guglielmo Briscese
Affiliation:
The Behavioural Insights Team, London, UK
Rory Gallagher
Affiliation:
The Behavioural Insights Team, London, UK
Alex Gyani
Affiliation:
The Behavioural Insights Team, London, UK
Samuel Hanes
Affiliation:
The Behavioural Insights Team, London, UK
Elspeth Kirkman
Affiliation:
The Behavioural Insights Team, London, UK
Owain Service
Affiliation:
The Behavioural Insights Team, London, UK
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: michael.t.sanders@kcl.ac.uk

Abstract

In this article, we describe two experiments measuring the impact of a collection of interventions informed by behavioural sciences to reduce unemployment. In a small-scale pilot study (n = 2,383) run in partnership with a Jobcentre in the UK, we found that small changes to the way jobseekers interacted with employment advisers showed promising effects. Based on these findings, we refined our intervention and tested it in a second, larger trial (n = 88,033) across 12 Jobcentres in the UK. We found that our intervention significantly increased off-flow from benefits. These experiments demonstrate that policies and programmes aimed at reducing unemployment can benefit greatly from a deeper understanding of the behaviours of jobseekers and employment advisers. Further, we suggest that this approach could have positive implications for other areas of public policy.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, M, Burger, R, Carranza, E and Piraino, P (2017) Bridging the Intention-Behavior Gap? The Effect of Plan-Making Prompts on Job Search and Employment. Washington DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Ajzen, I (1991) The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2): 179211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altmann, S, Armin, F, Jäger, S and Zimmermann, F (2015) Learning about Job Search: A Field Experiment with Job Seekers in Germany. IZA Discussion Paper No. 9040, http://ftp.iza.org/dp9040.pdf (accessed 19 March 2018)Google Scholar
Arntz, M and Wilke, RA (2009) Unemployment Duration in Germany: Individual and Regional Determinants of Local Job Finding, Migration and Subsidized Employment. Regional Studies, 43(1): 4361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baikie, KA and Wilhelm, K (2005) Emotional and Physical Health Benefits of Expressive Writing. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11, 338346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A (1977) Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84(2): 191215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, AE, Hollenbeck, JR, Tower, SL and Phillips, JM (1994) The Effects of Interview Focus on Recruitment Effectiveness: A Field Experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(6): 886896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behavioural Insights Team (2014) Understanding People, Better Outcomes: Behavioural Insights in NSW, https://bi.dpc.nsw.gov.au/assets/Behavioural-Insights/Library/Understanding-People-Better-Outcomes.pdf (accessed 19 March 2018)Google Scholar
Belot, M, Kircher, P and Muller, P (2016) Providing Advice to Job Seekers at Low Cost: An Experimental Study on On-Line Advice. IZA Discussion Paper No. 10068, http://ftp.iza.org/dp10068.pdf (accessed 19 March 2018)Google Scholar
Brandstätter, V, Lengfelder, A and Gollwitzer, PM (2001) Implementation Intentions and Efficient Action Initiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5): 946960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, DJ, Cober, RT, Kane, K, Levy, PE and Shalhoop, J (2006) Proactive Personality and the Successful Job Aearch: A Field Investigation with College Graduates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3): 717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, DW, Balluz, LS, Ford, ES, Giles, WH, Strine, TW, Moriarty, DG, Croft, JB and Mokdad, AH (2003) Associations Between Short-and Long-Term Unemployment and Frequent Mental Distress Among a National Sample of Men and Women. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(11): 11591166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunwasser, SM, Gillham, JE and Kim, ES (2009) A Meta-Analytic Review of the Penn Resiliency Program’s Effect on Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 10421054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Card, D, Kluve, J and Weber, A (2010) Active Labour Market Policy Evaluations: A Meta-Analysis. Economic Journal, 120, F452F477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cervone, D and Peake, PK (1986) Anchoring, Efficacy, and Action: The Influence of Judgmental Heuristics on Self-Efficacy Judgments and Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 492501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creed, PA, King, V, Hood, M and McKenzie, R (2009) Goal Orientation, Self-Regulation Strategies, and Job-Seeking Intensity in Unemployed Adults. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 806813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crépon, B, Dejemeppe, M and Gurgand, M (2005) Counseling the Unemployed: Does It Lower Unemployment Duration and Recurrence? IZA Discussion Paper No. 1796, http://ftp.iza.org/dp1796.pdf (accessed 5 June 2016)Google Scholar
Crépon, B, Duflo, E, Gurgand, M, Rathelot, R and Zamora, P (2013) Do Labor Market Policies have Displacement Effects? Evidence from a Clustered Randomized Experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128, 531580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crépon, B and Van den Berg, GJ (2016) Active Labor Market Policies. Annual Review of Economics, 8, 521546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daguerre, A and Etherington, D (2009) Active Labour Market Policies in International Context: What Works Best? Lessons for the UK. London: Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
Deci, EL and Ryan, RM (eds.) (2002) Handbook of Self-Determination Research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Dolton, P and O’Neill, D (1996) Unemployment Duration and the Restart Effect: Some Experimental Evidence. Economic Journal, 106, 387400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishbein, M and Ajzen, I (1975) Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Gillham, JE, Reivich, KJ, Freres, DR, Chaplin, TM, Shatté, AJ, Samuels, B and Seligman, ME (2007) School-Based Prevention of Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Study of the Effectiveness and Specificity of the Penn Resiliency Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gobet, F, Lane, PC, Croker, S, Cheng, PC, Jones, G, Oliver, I and Pine, JM (2001) Chunking Mechanisms in Human Learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 236243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gollwitzer, PM (1999) Implementation Intentions: Strong Effects of Simple Plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, PM and Sheeran, P (2006) Implementation Intentions and Goal Achievement: A Meta-Analysis of Effects and Processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69119.Google Scholar
Gyani, A, Shafran, R, Layard, R and Clark, DM (2013) Enhancing Recovery Rates: Lessons from Year One of IAPT. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 597606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hägglund, P (2007) Are There Pre-programme Effects of Swedish Active Labour Market Policies? Evidence from Three Randomised Experiments. IFAU Working Paper No. 2. http://www.sofi.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.65019.1323949618!/WP07no2.pdf (accessed 5 June 2016).Google Scholar
Hallsworth, M, List, JA, Metcalfe, RD and Vlaev, I (2014) The Behavioralist as Tax Collector: Using Natural Field Experiments to Enhance Tax Compliance. NBER Working Paper No. w20007. http://www.nber.org/papers/w20007.pdf (accessed 19 March 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halpern, D (2016) Inside the Nudge Unit: How Small Changes Can Make a Big Difference. London: WH Allen.Google Scholar
Haynes, L, Goldacre, B and Torgerson, D (2012) Test, Learn, Adapt: Developing Public Policy with Randomised Controlled Trials. London: Cabinet Office.Google Scholar
Heckman, JJ, LaLonde, RJ and Smith, JA (1999) The Economics and Econometrics of Active Labor Market Programs. In Ashenfelter, O. C. and Car, D. (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics. Volume 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 18652097.Google Scholar
Hull, CL (1932) The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis and Maze Learning. Psychological Review, 39, 2543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussey, MA and Hughes, JP (2007) Design and Analysis of Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomized Trials. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 28, 182191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahneman, D (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kanfer, R and Bufton, G (2015) Job Loss and Job Search: A Social-Cognitive and Self-Regulation Perspective. Oxford Handbook of Job Loss and Job Search. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.006 Google Scholar
Kivetz, R, Urminsky, O and Zheng, Y (2006) The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention. Journal of Marketing Research, 43, 3958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluve, J (2010) The Effectiveness of European Active Labor Market Programs. Labour Economics, 17(6): 904918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latham, GP and Locke, EA (1975) Increasing Productivity and Decreasing Time Limits: A Field Replication of Parkinson’s Law. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6, 524526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Layard, R and Clark, DM (2014) Thrive: The Power of Evidence-Based Psychological Therapies. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Layard, R, Layard, PRG, Nickell, SJ and Jackman, R (2005) Unemployment: Macroeconomic Performance and the Labour Market. Oxford: Oxford University Press on Demand.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lent, RW, Brown, SD and Hackett, G (1994) Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and Academic Interest, Choice, and Performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1): 79122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leontopoulou, S and Triliva, S (2012) Explorations of Subjective Wellbeing and Character Strengths Among a Greek University Student Sample. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3): 251270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lester, PB, Harms, PD, Herian, MN, Krasikova, DV and Beal, SJ (2011) The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness Program Evaluation – Report 3: Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Master Resilience Training on Self-Reported Resilience and Psychological Health Data. Anchorage, AK: TKC Global Solutions.Google Scholar
Lester, PB, McBride, S, Bliese, PD and Adler, AB (2011) Bringing Science to Bear: An Empirical Assessment of the Comprehensive Soldier Fitness Program. American Psychologist, 66, 7781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, S, Huang, JL and Wang, M (2014) Effectives of Job Search Intervention: A Meta-Analytic Review. American Psychological Association Psychological Bulletin, 140(4): 10091041.Google Scholar
Malmber-Heimonen, IE, West, BT and Vuori, J (2017) Long-Term Effects of Research-Based and Practice-Based Job Search Interventions: An RCT Reevaluation. Research on Social Work Practice, 29(1): 3648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manroop, L and Richardson, J (2016) Job Search: A Multidisciplinary Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(2): 206227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Micklewright, J and Nagy, G (2005) Job Search Monitoring and Unemployment Duration in Hungary: Evidence from a Randomised Control Trial. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1839. http://ftp.iza.org/dp1839.pdf (accessed 19 March 2018)Google Scholar
Mortensen, DT (2011) Markets with Search Friction and the DMP Model. American Economic Review, 101, 10731091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullainathan, S and Shafir, E (2013) Scarcity: Why Having too Little Means so Much. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Nickerson, DW and Rogers, T (2010) Do You Have a Voting Plan? Implementation Intentions, Voter Turnout, and Organic Plan Making. Psychological Science, 21(2): 194199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakley, M (2014) Independent Review of the Operation of Jobseeker’s Allowance Sanctions Validated by the Jobseekers Act 2013. London: Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2017) Behavioural Insights and Public Policy: Lessons from Around the World. Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
Price, RH and Vinokur, AD (2014) The JOBS Program: Impact on Job Seeker Motivation, Reemployment, and Mental Health. In Klehe, U. C. and Van Hooft, E. A. J. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Job Loss and Job Search. New York: Oxford University Press..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reivich, KJ, Seligman, ME and McBride, S (2011) Master Resilience Training in the US Army. American Psychologist, 66, 2534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seligman, ME, Steen, TA, Park, N and Peterson, C (2005) Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spera, SP, Buhrfeind, ED and Pennebaker, JW (1994) Expressive Writing and Coping with Job Loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 722733.Google Scholar
Sunstein, CR (2019) Sludge and Ordeals. Duke Law Journal, 68(8): 18431883.Google Scholar
Thaler, R and Sunstein, C (2008) Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Thaler, RH (2016) Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, and Future. American Economic Review, 106(7): 15771600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, JB, Kessler, RC and House, JS (1991) Factors Facilitating Adjustment to Unemployment: Implications for Intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 521542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vinokur, AD, van Ryn, M, Gramlich, EM and Price, RH (1991) Long-Term Follow-Up and Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Jobs Program: A Preventative Intervention for the Unemployed. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2): 213219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wanberg, CR (1997) Antecedents and Outcomes of Coping Behaviors Among Unemployed and Reemployed Individuals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5): 731744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Sanders et al. supplementary material

Appendices A-C

Download Sanders et al. supplementary material(File)
File 112.8 KB