Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T09:20:05.892Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Christian sarcophagus population of Rome

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2014

Robert Couzin
Robert Couzin*
Affiliation:
Toronto, robert.couzin@utoronto.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Roman Archaeology , Volume 27 , 2014 , pp. 275 - 303
Copyright
Copyright © Journal of Roman Archaeology L.L.C. 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akurgal, E. and Alkim, U. B. (edd.) 1974. Mansel'e Armaǧan–Mélanges Mansel (Ankara).Google Scholar
Alchermes, J. 1989. ‘Cura pro mortuis’ and ‘Cura martyrium’: commemoration in Rome from the second through the sixth century (Ph.D. diss., New York Univ.).Google Scholar
Alföldy, G. 1985. The social history of Rome (Totowa, NJ).Google Scholar
Allen, R. C. 2009. “How prosperous were the Romans? Evidence from Diocletian's Price Edict (301 AD),” in Bowman, and Wilson, 2009, 327–45.Google Scholar
Andreau, J. 1986. “Declino e morte dei mestieri bancari nel Mediterraneo occidentale (II-IV d.C.),” in Giardina, A. (ed.), Società romana e impero tardoantico, vol. 1 (Rome) 601–15.Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. 2007. “Diocletian's Prices Edict: the prices of seaborne transport and the average duration of maritime travel,” JRA 20, 321–36.Google Scholar
Bagnall, R. S. 1989. “Fourth-century prices: new evidence and further thoughts,” ZPE 76, 69–76.Google Scholar
Bang, P. F. 2006. “Imperial bazaar: towards a comparative understanding of markets in the Roman empire,” in id., Ikeguchi, and Ziche, 2006, 51–88.Google Scholar
Bang, P. F., Ikeguchi, M. and Ziche, G. (edd.) 2006. Ancient economies, modern methodologies: archaeology, comparative history, models and institutions (Bari)Google Scholar
Baratte, F. 2006. “Les sarcophages romains: problèmes et certitudes,” Perspective – La revue de l'INHA (2006–2001) 38–54.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. 1989. “Christians and pagans in the reign of Constantius,” in Dihle, A. (ed.), L'Eglise et l'empire au IVe siècle: sept exposés suivis de discussions (Geneva) 301–43.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. 1990. “Religion and society in the age of Theodosius,” in Meynell, H. A. (ed.), Grace, politics and desire: essays on Augustine (Calgary, AB) 157–75.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. 1994. “The religious affiliation of consuls and prefects, 317-361,” in Meynell, H. A. (ed.), From Eusebius to Augustine: selected papers 1982-1993 (Aldershot) no. VII, 1–11.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. 1995. “Statistics and the conversion of the Roman aristocracy,” JRS 85, 135–47.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. 2002. Review of Salzman 2002, in The Catholic Historical Review 88, 748–49.10.1353/cat.2003.0002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, F. A. 2001. “Beatitudo temporum: Die Gegenwart der Vergangenheit im Stadtbild des spätantiken Rom,” in id. and Zimmermann, N. (edd.), Epochenwandel? Kunst und Kultur zwischen Antike und Mittelalter (Mainz) 75–94.Google Scholar
Blümel, C. 1968. “Zur Behandlung bildhauerischer Probleme in der klassischen Archäologie. Ein Rückblick,” FuB 10, 95–101.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. 1999. “Death on display: looking at Roman funerals,” in Bergmann, B. and Kondoleon, C. (edd.), The art of ancient spectacle (Washington, D.C.) 259–81.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. 2008. “From columbaria to catacombs: collective burial in pagan and Christian Rome,” in Brink, L. and Green, D. A. (edd.), Commemorating the dead: texts and artifacts in context: studies of Roman, Jewish, and Christian burials (New York) 177–242.10.1515/9783110211573.3.177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolt, J. and Zanden, J. L. van 2013. “The first update of the Maddison Project; re-estimating growth before 1820 (Maddison Project Working Paper 4, Groningen) (http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/abstract.htm?id=4)Google Scholar
Bowman, A. K. and Wilson, A. (edd.) 2009. Quantifying the Roman economy: methods and problems (Oxford).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562596.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandenburg, H. 2002. “Das Ende der antiken Sarkophagkunst in Rom. Pagane und christliche Sarkophage in Rom,” in Koch, 2002, 19–39.Google Scholar
Brandenburg, H. 2004. “Osservazioni sulla fine della produzione e dell'uso dei sarcofagi a rilievo nella tarda antichità nonché sulla loro decorazione,” in Bisconti, F. and Brandenburg, H. (edd.), Sarcofagi tardoantichi, paleocristiani e altomedievali (Vatican City).Google Scholar
Brandt, O. 2009. “The archaeological record: problems of interpretation,” in Rousseau, P. and Raithel, J. (edd.), A companion to late antiquity (Malden, MA) 156–69.Google Scholar
Brown, P. 1971. The world of late antiquity, AD 150-750 (London).Google Scholar
Brown, P. 1998. “Christianization and religious conflict,” in Cameron, A. and Garnsey, P. (edd.), The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425 (Cambridge) 632–64.Google Scholar
Brown, P. 2012. Through the eye of a needle: wealth, the fall of Rome, and the making of Christianity in the West, 350-550 AD (Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
Cameron, A. 1999. “The last pagans of Rome,” in Harris, 1999, 109–21.Google Scholar
Cameron, A. 2011. The last pagans of Rome (New York).Google Scholar
Casson, L. 1965. “Harbour and river boats of ancient Rome,” JRS 55, 31–39.Google Scholar
Claridge, A. 1988. “Roman statuary and the supply of statuary marble,” in Fant, J. C. (ed.), Ancient marble quarrying and trade (BAR S453; Oxford) 139–52.Google Scholar
Corcoran, S. 1996. The empire of the Tetrarchs: imperial pronouncements and government, AD 284-324 (New York).Google Scholar
Corcoran, S. and DeLaine, J. 1994: “The unit of measurement of marble in Diocletian's Prices Edict,” JRA 7, 263–73.Google Scholar
Curran, J. R. 2000. Pagan city and Christian capital: Rome in the fourth century (Oxford).Google Scholar
Deichmann, F. W. and Klauser, T. 1966. Frühchristliche Sarkophage in Bild und Wort (Olten)Google Scholar
DeLaine, J. 1997. The Baths of Caracalla (JRA Suppl. 25).Google Scholar
Depeyrot, G. 1991. Crises et inflations entre Antiquité et Moyen Âge (Paris).Google Scholar
Dresken-Weiland, J. 2003. Sarkophagbestattungen des 4.-6. Jahrhunderts im Westen des römischen Reiches (Rome).Google Scholar
Dresken-Weiland, J. 2012. “Stadtrömische Werkstätten von frühchristlichen Sarkophagen,” in Koch, G. and Baratte, F. (edd.), Akten des Symposiums Sarkophagen der römischen Kaiserzeit: Produktion in Zentren - Copien in den Provinzen (= Les sarcophages romains - centres et périphéries, Paris 2-5 Novembre 2005) (Wiesbaden) 27–34.Google Scholar
Duncan-Jones, R. P. 1990. Structure and scale in the Roman economy (New York).10.1017/CBO9780511552649CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichner, K. 1977. Die Werkstatt des sogennanten Dogmatischen Sarkophags: Untersuchungen zur Technik der konstantinischen Sarkophagplastik in Rom (diss. Heidelberg).Google Scholar
Eichner, K. 1981. “Die Produktionsmethoden der stadtrömischen Sarkophagfabrik in der Blützeit unter Konstantin,” JbAC 24, 85–113.Google Scholar
Eichner, K. 2002. “Technische Voraussetzungen für die Massenproduktion von Sarkophagen in konstantinischer Zeit,” in Koch, 2002, 73–79.Google Scholar
Erdkamp, P. 2001. “Beyond the limits of the ‘Consumer City’. A model of the urban and rural economy in the Roman world,” Historia 50, 332–56.Google Scholar
Erdkamp, P. 2013. “The food supply of the capital,” in id. 2013, 262–77.Google Scholar
Erdkamp, P. (ed.) 2013. The Cambridge companion to ancient Rome (Cambridge).10.1017/CCO9781139025973CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ermatinger, W. 1996. The economic reforms of Diocletian (St.-Katharinen).Google Scholar
Fant, J. C. 2008. “Quarrying and stoneworking,” in Oleson, J. P. (ed.), Oxford handbook of engineering and technology in the classical world (New York) 121–35.Google Scholar
Février, P.-A. 1984. “La tombe chrétienne et l'au-delà,” in Leroux, J.-M. (ed.), Le temps chrétien de la fin de l'Antiquité au Moyen Âge: IIIe-XIIIe siècles (Paris) 163–83.Google Scholar
Fiocchi Nicolai, V. 2009. “The origin and development of Roman catacombs,” in Leroux, J.-M. (ed.), Bisconti, F. and Mazzoleni, D. (edd.), The Christian catacombs of Rome: history, decoration, inscriptions (3rd edn., Regensburg) 9–69.Google Scholar
Fittschen, K. 1975. Der Meleager Sarkophag (Liebighaus Monographie I, Frankfurt).Google Scholar
Flambard, J.-M. 1987. “Éléments pour une approche financière de la mort dans les classes populaires du Haut-Empire: analyse du budget de quelques collèges funéraires de Rome et d'Italie,” in Hinard, 1987, 209–44.Google Scholar
Frier, B. W. 2000. “Demography,” in Bowman, A. K., Garnsey, P. and Rathbone, D. (edd.), CAH. The High Empire, A.D. 70-192 (Cambridge) 787–816.Google Scholar
Giacchero, M. (ed.) 1974. Edictum Diocletiani et collegarum de pretiis rerum venalium in integrum fere restitutum e Latinis Graecisque fragmentis, vol. 1 (Genoa).Google Scholar
Guidobaldi, F. 2000. “Architettura e urbanistica: dalla città-museo alla città santa,” in Cascio, E. Lo (ed.), Roma imperiale: una metropoli antica (Rome) 315–52.Google Scholar
Hallett, C. H. 2005. Review of P. Zanker and B. C. Ewald, Mit Mythen leben: Die Bilderwelt der römischen Sarkophage , in ArtB 87, 157–61.Google Scholar
Harnack, A. 1908. The mission and expansion of Christianity in the first three centuries (2nd edn., New York).Google Scholar
Harris, W. V. (ed.) 1999. The transformations of Vrbs Roma in late antiquity (JRA Suppl. 33).Google Scholar
Henck, N. 2001. “Constantius ό Φιλοκτίστης?” DOP 55, 279–304.Google Scholar
Hermansen, G. 1978. “The population of Imperial Rome: the Regionaries,” Historia 27, 129–68.Google Scholar
Himmelmann, N. 1974. “Ein kleinasiatischer Sarkophag in Rom,” in Akurgal, and Alkim, 1974, vol. 1, 45–52.Google Scholar
Hinard, F. (ed.) 1987. La mort, les morts et l'au-delà dans le monde romain (Caen).Google Scholar
Hirt, A. M. 2010. Imperial mines and quarries in the Roman world: organizational aspects, 27 BC-AD 235 (New York).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572878.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1966. “On the probable age structure of the Roman population,” Population Studies 20, 245–64.10.1080/00324728.1966.10406097CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopkins, K. 1978. Conquerors and slaves (New York).Google Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1980. “Taxes and trade in the Roman Empire (200 BC-AD 400),” JRS 70, 101–25.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1983. Death and renewal (New York).10.1017/CBO9780511552663CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1987. “Graveyards for historians,” in Hinard, 1987, 113–26.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1998. “Christian number and its implications,” J. Early Christian Stud. 6, 185–226.10.1353/earl.1998.0035CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, K. 2002. “Rome, taxes, rents and trade,” in Scheidel, W. and von Reden, S. (edd.), The ancient economy (Edinburgh) 190–230.10.1515/9781474472326-016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howgego, C. 1992. “The supply and use of money in the Roman world 200 B.C. to A.D. 300,” JRS 82, 1–31.Google Scholar
Huskinson, J. 1996. Roman children's sarcophagi: their decoration and its social significance (New York).Google Scholar
Immerzeel, M. 2002. “The joint problem,” in Koch, 2002, 119–27.Google Scholar
Immerzeel, M. and Jongste, P. 1993. “Technique, style et iconographie. Le sarcophage paléochrétien de Leyde en tant que produit industriel,” Oudheid. Med. Rijksmuseum Oudheden te Leiden 73, 77–91.Google Scholar
Immerzeel, M. and Jongste, P. 1994. “Les ateliers de sarcophages paléochrétiens en Gaule, la Provence et les Pyrenées,” AnTar 2, 233–49.Google Scholar
Jensen, R. M. 2000. Understanding Early Christian art (Abingdon).Google Scholar
Jensen, R. M. 2008. “Dining with the dead: from the mensa to the altar in late antique Christianity,” in Brink, L. and Green, D. A. (edd.), Commemorating the dead. Texts and artifacts in context: studies of Roman, Jewish, and Christian burials (New York) 107–43.Google Scholar
Jongman, W. 2006. “The rise and fall of the Roman economy: population, rents and entitlement,” in Bang, , Ikeguchi, and Ziche, 2006, 237–54.Google Scholar
Koch, G. 1982. “Östliche Sarkophage in Rom,” BJb 182, 167–208.Google Scholar
Koch, G. 1993. Sarkophage der römischen Kaiserzeit (Darmstadt).Google Scholar
Koch, G. 2000. Frühchristliche Sarkophage (Munich).Google Scholar
Koch., G. (ed.) 2002. Akten des Symposiums ”Frühchristliche Sarkophage”, 1999 (Mainz).Google Scholar
Koch, G. and Sichtermann, H. 1982. Römische Sarkophage (Munich).Google Scholar
Krautheimer, R. 1980. Rome: portrait of a city, 312-1308 (Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
Krautheimer, R. and Ćurčić, S. 1986. Early Christian and Byzantine architecture (4th edn.; New Haven, CT).Google Scholar
Lide, D. R. and Haynes, W. M. (edd.) 2009. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics (90th edn.; Boca Raton, FL).Google Scholar
Lindsay, H. 2000. “Death-pollution and funerals in the city of Rome,” in Hope, V. M. and Marshall, E. (edd.), Death and disease in the ancient city (New York) 152–73.Google Scholar
Liverani, P. 2009. “Osservazioni sulla policromia e la doratura della scultura in età tardoantica,” in Andreuccetti, P. A. and Cervelli, I. L. (edd.), Il colore nel Medioevo: arte, simbolo, tecnica (Lucca) 9–22.Google Scholar
Lo Cascio, E. 2000. “La popolazione,” in Andreuccetti, P. A. and Cervelli, I. L. (edd.), Roma imperiale: una metropoli antica (Rome) 17–69.Google Scholar
L'Orange, H. P. 1939. Der spätantike Bildschmuck des Konstantinsbogens (Berlin).Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. 1984. Christianizing the Roman Empire (A.D. 100-400) (New Haven, CT).Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. 2009. The second church: popular Christianity A.D. 200-400 (Atlanta, GA).Google Scholar
Maischberger, M. 1997. Marmor in Rom: Anlieferung, Lager- und Werkplätze in der Kaiserzeit (Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Marichal, R. 1963. “L’écriture latine et la civilisation occidentale du Ier au XVIe siècle,” in L’écriture et la psychologie des peuples: XXIIe semaine de synthèse (Paris) 199–247.Google Scholar
Mathisen, R. W. 2002. “The Christianization of the Late Roman senatorial order: circumstances and scholarship,” International Journal of the Classical Tradition 9, 257–78.10.1007/BF02898437CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathisen, R. W. 2007. “The Christianization of the Late Roman aristocracy bis: a response to Michele Salzman's ‘rejoinder’ to Ralph Mathisen’s review article,” International Journal of the Classical Tradition 14, 233–47.10.1007/s12138-008-0006-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, J. F. 1990. Western aristocracies and imperial court AD 364-425 (Oxford).Google Scholar
McGing, B. 2002. “Population and proselytism: how many Jews were there in the ancient world?” in Bartlett, J. R. (ed.), Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman cities (London) 88–106.Google Scholar
McNeill, W. H. 1998. Plagues and peoples (repr. of 1976 edn.; New York).Google Scholar
Milanovic, B. 2010. “Income level and income inequality in the Euro-Mediterranean region: from the Principate to the Islamic conquest,” Maddison Memorial Conference, Amsterdam, 6-7 November 2010 (unpublished); draft available at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/46640/ Google Scholar
Morley, N. 1996. Metropolis and hinterland: the city of Rome and the Italian economy, 200 B.C.–A.D. 200 (New York).10.1017/CBO9780511518584CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morley, N. 2013. “Population size and social structure,” in Erdkamp, 2013, 29–44.Google Scholar
Pani Ermini, L. (ed.) 2000. Christiana loca: lo spazio cristiano nella Roma del primo millennio (Rome).Google Scholar
Parkin, T. G. 1992. Demography and Roman society (Baltimore, MD).Google Scholar
Paxton, F. S. 1990. Christianizing death: the creation of a ritual process in Early Medieval Europe (Ithaca, NY).Google Scholar
Pensabene, P. 1986. “La decorazione architettonica, l'impiego del marmo e l'importazione di manufatti orientali a Roma, in Italia e in Africa (II-VI d.C.),” in Giardina, A. (ed.), Le merci, gli insediamenti, vol. 3 (Rome) 285–303.Google Scholar
Potter, D. S. 1999. “Odor and power in the Roman Empire,” in Porter, J. I. (ed.), Constructions of the classical body (Ann Arbor, MI) 169–89.Google Scholar
Provoost, A. 2004. “The apostolic world of thought in Early Christian iconography,” in Hilhorst, A. (ed.), The apostolic age in patristic thought (Boston, MA) 158–93.Google Scholar
Provoost, A. 2011. De vroegchristelijke funeraire beeldtaal: Met chronologisch repertorium van de catacombenschilderingen in Rome en van de vroegchristelijke sarcofagen (Institutional Repository, Leuven).Google Scholar
Purcell, N. 1999. “The populace of Rome in late antiquity,” in Harris, 1999, 135–61.Google Scholar
Rathbone, D. 2009. “Earnings and costs: living standards and the Roman economy (first to third centuries A.D.),” in Bowman, and Wilson, 2009, 299–326.Google Scholar
Rebillard, E. 2003a. “The cult of the dead in late antiquity: towards a new definition of the relation between the living and the dead,” in Brandt, J. R. et al. (edd.), Rome AD 300-800: power and symbol– image and reality (Rome) 47–55.Google Scholar
Rebillard, E. 2003b. Religion et sépulture: l’église, les vivants et les morts dans l’Antiquité tardive (Paris).Google Scholar
Reynolds, J. 1989. “The Prices Edict,” in Roueché, C. (ed.), Aphrodisias in late antiquity: the late Roman and Byzantine inscriptions … (JRS Monog. 5) 265–318.Google Scholar
Rowell, G. 1977. The liturgy of Christian burial: an introductory survey of the historical development of Christian burial rites (London).Google Scholar
Rush, A. C. 1941. Death and burial in Christian antiquity (Washington, D.C.).Google Scholar
Russell, B. 2011. “The Roman sarcophagus ‘industry’: a reconsideration,” in Elsner, J. and Huskinson, J. (edd.), Life, death and representation: some new work on Roman sarcophagi (Berlin) 119–47.Google Scholar
Russell, B. 2013. The economics of the Roman stone trade (Oxford).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656394.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutgers, L. V. 2006. “Reflections on the demography of the Jewish community of ancient Rome,” in Ghilardi, M., Goddard, C. J. and Porena, P. (edd.), Les cités de l’Italie tardo-antique, IVe-VIe siècle (CollEFR 369; Rome) 345–58.Google Scholar
Sallares, R. 2002. Malaria and Rome: a history of malaria in ancient Italy (New York).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248506.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saller, R. P. 1994. Patriarchy, property, and death in the Roman family (New York).10.1017/CBO9780511582998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmon, P. 1987. “Les insuffisances du matériel épigraphique sur la mortalité dans l’Antiquité romain,” in Hinard, 1987, 99–112.Google Scholar
Salzman, M. R. 2002. The making of a Christian aristocracy (Cambridge).10.4159/9780674043046CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheid, J. 2005. Quand faire, c’est croire: les rites sacrificiels des Romains (Paris).Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. 1999. “Emperors, aristocrats and the grim reaper: towards a demographic profile of the Roman elite,” CQ 49, 254–81.10.1093/cq/49.1.254CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheidel, W. 2001. “Progress and problems in Roman demography,” in id. (ed.), Debating Roman demography (Boston, MA) 1–81.10.1163/9789004351097CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheidel, W. 2003. “Germs for Rome,” in Edwards, C. and Woolf, G. (edd.), Rome the cosmopolis (New York) 158–76.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. 2004. “Human mobility in Roman Italy I: the free population,” JRS 94, 1–26.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. 2013a. “Disease and death,” in Erdkamp, 2013, 45–59.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. 2013b. “Explaining the maritime freight charges in Diocletian’s Prices Edict,” JRA 26, 464–68.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J. 2009. “The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman empire,” JRS 99, 60–91.Google Scholar
Schemann, M. 1999. Werkstätten und Steinmetzen einer Gruppe spätantiker Sarkophage (diss., Freiberg i B).Google Scholar
Schor, A. M. 2009. “Conversion by the numbers: benefits and pitfalls of quantitative modelling in the study of Early Christian growth,” J. Relig. Hist. 33, 472–98.10.1111/j.1467-9809.2009.00826.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scobie, A. 1986. “Slums, sanitation, and mortality in the Roman world,” Klio 68, 399–433.Google Scholar
Shaw, B. D. 1996. “Seasons of death: aspects of mortality in Imperial Rome,” JRS 86, 100–38.Google Scholar
Shaw, B. D. 2002. “‘With whom I lived’: measuring Roman marriage,” Anc. Soc. 32, 195–242.Google Scholar
Snyder, G. F. 2003. Ante pacem: archaeological evidence of church life before Constantine (Macon, GA).Google Scholar
Sodini, J.-P. 1979. “L’artisanat urbain à l’époque paléochrétienne,” Ktêma 4, 71–119.Google Scholar
Sodini, J.-P. 1989. “Le commerce des marbres à l’époque protobyzantine,” in Hommes et richesses dans l’Empire byzantin, vol. I. IVe-VIIe siècle (Paris) 163–86.Google Scholar
Sodini, J.-P., Lambraki, A. and Koželj, T. 1980. “Les carrières de marbre à l’époque paléochrétienne,” Aliki I, 81–137.Google Scholar
Stark, R. 1991. “Epidemics, networks, and the rise of Christianity,” in White, L. M. (ed.), Social networks in the Early Christian environment: issues and methods for social history (Atlanta, GA) 159–75.Google Scholar
Stark, R. 1996. The rise of Christianity: a sociologist reconsiders history (Princeton, NJ).10.1515/9780691214290CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, R. 1998. “E contrario,” J. Early Christian Stud. 2, 259–67.10.1353/earl.1998.0038CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, R. 2006. Cities of God: the real story of how Christianity became an urban movement and conquered Rome (New York).Google Scholar
Stathakopoulos, D. 2004. Famine and pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire: a systematic survey of subsistence crises and epidemics (Burlington, VT).Google Scholar
Storey, G. R. 1997. The population of ancient Rome,” Antiquity 71, 966–78.10.1017/S0003598X00085859CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Studer-Karlen, M. 2012. Verstorbendarstellungen auf frühchristlichen Sarkophagen (Turnhout).Google Scholar
Swoboda, H. 1889. “Zur altchristlichen Marmor-Polychromie,” RömQSchr 3, 134–57.Google Scholar
Toynbee, J. M. C. 1971. Death and burial in the Roman world (London).Google Scholar
Van Keuren, F. et al. 2011. “Multimethod analyses of Roman sarcophagi at the Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome,” in Elsner, J. and Huskinson, J. (edd.), Life, death and representation: some new work on Roman sarcophagi (Berlin) 149–87.Google Scholar
Veyne, P. 2005. L’empire gréco-romain (Paris).10.14375/NP.9782020577984CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Petrikovits, H. 1981. “Die Spezialisierung des römischen Handwerks II (Spätantike),” ZPE 43, 285–306.Google Scholar
Waelkens, M., Paepe, P. De and Moens, L. 1988. “Patterns of extraction and production in the white marble quarries of the Mediterranean: history, present problems and prospects,” in Fant, J. C. (ed.), Ancient marble quarrying and trade (BAR S453; Oxford) 81–116.Google Scholar
Walker, S. 1988. “From West to East: evidence for a shift in the balance of trade in white marbles,” in Herz, N. and Waelkens, M. (edd.), Classical marble: geochemistry, technology, trade (Boston, MA) 187–96.10.1007/978-94-015-7795-3_21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 2013. “Trying to define and identify the Roman ‘middle classes’,” JRA 26, 605–9.Google Scholar
Ward-Perkins, J. B. 1978. “The role of craftsmanship in the formation of Early Christian art,” in I monumenti cristiani precostantiniani: Atti del IX Congresso int. di archeologia cristiana, 1975, vol. 1 (Rome) 637–52.Google Scholar
Ward-Perkins, J. B. 1980. “The marble trade and its organization: evidence from Nicomedia,” MAAR 36, 325–38.Google Scholar
Westing, A. H. 1981. “A note on how many humans have ever lived,” BioScience 31, 523–24.10.2307/1308496CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiegartz, H. 1974. “Marmorhandel, Sarkophagherstellung und die Lokalisierung der kleinasiatischen Säulensarkophage,” in Akurgal, and Alkim, 1974, vol. I, 345–83.Google Scholar
Williams, M. H. 2006. The monk and the book: Jerome and the making of Christian scholarship (Chicago, IL).10.7208/chicago/9780226899022.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A. 2009. “Quantifying the Roman economy: integration, growth, decline?” in Bowman, and Wilson, 2009, 3–84.Google Scholar
Wischmeyer, W. 1982. Die Tafeldeckel der christlichen Sarkophage konstaninischer Zeit in Rom (Rome).Google Scholar
Witcher, R. E. 2005. “The extended metropolis: Urbs, suburbium and population,” JRA 18, 120–38.Google Scholar
Woods, R. 2007. “Ancient and early modern mortality: experience and understanding,” Econ. Hist. Rev. 60, 373–99.10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00367.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrede, H. 2001. Senatorische Sarkophage Roms: der Beitrag des Senatorenstandes zur römischen Kunst der hohen und späten Kaiserzeit (Mainz).Google Scholar