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Roman Registers of Births and Birth Certificates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2012

Fritz Schulz
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Extract

5. After the praescriptio there followed the entries in chronological order, each entry under the date on which the professio had been made. Sometimes of course several professiones were recorded under one date, viz. whenever several professiones had been made on the same day. Sometimes each date seems to have had a progressive number, for in no. 5 we read the quotation loco XV, IIII Idus Iunias.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 33 , Issue 1-2 , November 1943 , pp. 55 - 64
Copyright
Copyright ©Fritz Schulz 1943. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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References

1 Part 1 was published in JRS xxxii (1942), 78 ffGoogle Scholar.

2 The quotation of the locus occurs in some of the so-called diplomata militaria, eg. CIL xvi, 10: ‘Descriptum et recognitum ex tabula ahenea … tabula i pagina i loco xxv’; cf. ILS 1989, 1991.

3 BGU 7, p. 212.

4 CIL xi, 1147 ( = ILS 6675); Bruns, Fontes 7 no. 145a.

5 CIL ix, 1455 ( = ILS 6509); Brims, Fontes 7 no. 145b. A photograph in Bruns-Gradenwitz, Fontes, Simulacra tab. xxi. E. Diehl, Inscriptiones Latinae ( = Tabulae in usum schol. ed. Lietzmann n. 4, 1912) no. 27.

5a See further CIL vi, 33981: ‘eos possidere debere’ (scil. ‘testamento cavi’).

6 Huebner, E., ‘De senatus populique Romani actis,’ Jahrbücher für Philologie supplem. vol. 3 (1859), 559Google Scholar; Levison, , Die Beurkundung das Civilstandes im Altertum (Phil. Diss. Bonn, 1898), 11Google Scholar.

6a Kubitschek, P-W s.v. ‘Acta urbis’; Peter, Gesch. Literatur i (1897), 209 ff.Google Scholar; Riepl, Nachrichtenwesen des Altertums (1913), 376; Stein, A., Histor. Z. 149 (1934), 29 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hirschfeld, O., ‘Die rom. Staatszeitung,’ Sitzungsber. der Preuss. Akad. der Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 45 (1905), 930Google Scholar.

7 Cf. the Sardinian inscription 1. 19 (CIL X, 7852 = ILS 5947; Brims, Fontes 7 no. 71a; Mommsen, Ges. Schr. 5, 327) and the Transsylvanian tablet CIL iii, 950, no. xiii; Bruns, Fontes 7 no. 171. See further the SC Iuventianum, D. (5, 3) 20, 6, and P. Oxy. viii, 1114.

8 It occurs in nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10. In nos. 3, 5, 7, 8 the end of the document is not preserved.

9 Not to the citizenship of the father, as suggested by Sanders, Michigan Papyri iii, 152. Why should the register have mentioned just the father's citizenship and not equally that of the mother? Perhaps Sanders overlooked the Lex Minicia.

10 ILS 3, 2, p. 762.

11 Sanders, Michigan Papyri iii, 152, has overlooked this.

12 On this inscription see Richmond and Stevens, JRS xxxii, 65 ff., with literature and a photograph.

13 Colonia Firma Iulia Secundanorum. See Ihm P-W s.v. ‘Arausio’; Kromayer, Hermes 31 (1896), 1 ff.

14 Gaius 3, 145. Mommsen, Staatsrecht 2, 459; Mitteis, ‘Zur Geschichte der Erbpacht im Altertum’ Abhandlungen der Sächs. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 20, no. iv, 1901; Rostowzew, Geschichte der Staatspacht (1902); Carl v. Schilling, ‘Studien aus der röm. Agrargeschichte’ Abhandl. des Herder Insthuts in Riga II, 1, II (1926); Beseler, , Studia et Documenta (Rome, 1937), 360 ffGoogle Scholar.

15 Mommsen, , Ges. Schr. 5, 98 ff., 108 ff.Google Scholar; Schulten. l.c. 25.

16 Schulten, , Hermes 41 (1906), 25 ff.Google Scholar; Hirschfeld in a footnote to Mommsen, Ges. Schr. 5, 108.

17 See ‘meris VI ad ludum’.

18 Ad = secundum: Thes. L.L. i, 547, 82 ff.

19 Certainly this book contained some details which were omitted in the register, e.g. the date of the contract and the term at which the solarium had to be paid.

20 Oehler, P- W s.v. ‘kalendarium ’; Kübler, Dizionario epigraf. ii, 27 ff.

21 See above, JRS xxxii, 88.

22 I leave aside no. 11; it is too fragmentary, written on papyrus, and of a much later date. Below I shall refer to it only occasionally.

23 Our no. 11 may be a simple uncertified copy; see above, p. 55.

24 Voc. Jurisprud. Rom. 5, 1040 s.v. ‘testatio ’; Th. Kipp, Die Litisdenuntiation (1887) 59–66; Wenger, Institutes of the Roman Law of Civil Procedure (1940), § 18, n. 31; § 26, n. 14.

25 This name is generally adopted in the official sense of the term. In fact these tablets are no diplomata but copies taken from a tabula. See Erman, , ZSS xx (1899), 186 f.Google Scholar; Mitteis, , Römisches Privatrecht 1, 302Google Scholar; Wilcken, Grundzüge 398. Complete edition of these documents by Nesselhauf, , CIL xvi (1936)Google Scholar examples in ILS 1986 ff., 9052 ff.; Bruns, Fontes 7 nos. 98–9.

26 Mitteis l.c., 298; Wenger, P-W s.v. ‘Signum’, 2416 ff. Excellent photographs in Nesselhauf's edition of the diplomata (CIL xvi).

27 Even better photographs of this diptych may be found in a miscellaneous volume of the Hunt Collection marked ‘Latin Papyri 302 Z. 27 fol.’ in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

28 JRS xxxii, 80 (Apuleius).

29 As contrast, cf. CIL iii, 411 (= ILS 338); Bruns, Fontes 7 no. 84, ‘Sententiam divi patris mei, si quid pro sententia dixit, describere tibi permitto.’

30 JRS xxxii, 89.

31 OGIS no. 193 (1st cent. B.C.); Preisigke, WB iii s.v. ᾽λεξάνδρεια.

3la The same formula CIL X, 1685 ( = ILS 1397); vi, 8582 ( = ILS 1576). For other examples of this usage of ad, cf. Stolz-Schmalz, Lat. Grammatik, Syntax § 90 (5th ed., 1928).

31b CIL iii, 6809 ( = ILS 2096): Alexandr. quae est in Aegypto. The monument was erected by order of Alexandria in the 1st cent. A.D. Wilcken's opinion (Z.f. aegypt. Sprache xxxv (1897), 75; Grundzüge 34) is no t acceptable.

32 Mommsen, Ges. Schr. 2, 180; Vocab.Jurisprud. Rom. 5, 30, 12 ff., s.v. ‘recognoscere’. The Greek version of this formula is: ἐκγεγραμμένον καὶ προσαντιβεβλημένον. Wilcken, Archiv iv (1908), 253. On ἐκγράφειν = ‘describere’, cf. Schulz, JRS xxxi, 65.

33 JRS xxxii, 89 ff.

34 Above, p. 55.

35 Ibid.

36 It is omitted in nos. 3, 5, 6. In nos. 7 and 8 the clause is not preserved.

37 Wilcken, , Archiv ix (1930), 101Google Scholar; Sanders, Michigan Pap. iii, 151.

38 Cf. Kaser, P-W s.v. ‘Testimonium’, 1029.

39 Sanders, , Memoirs of the Am. Academy in Rome ix (1931), 70Google Scholar.

40 See below, p. 64.

41 Cf. Weiss, E., ‘Zur Rechtsstellung der unehelichen Kinder in der Kaiserzeit,’ ZSS xl (1929), 260 ff.Google Scholar; E. Cuq, ‘Les lois d'Auguste sur les déclarations de naissance,’ Mélanges Paul Fournier (1929), 119 ff. Both papers are marred by mistakes.

42 JRS xxxii, 81.

43 The testationes Cairo 29807 and 29808, published by de Ricci, Seymour, Nouv. Revue Hist. 30 (1906), 481 ff.Google Scholar, are very similar. Cf. also Mitteis, Chrestomathie no. 327; Bruns, Fontes 7 no. 124; Girard-Senn p. 809; P. M. Meyer, Jur. Papyri no. 26.

44 JRS xxxii, 83.

45 Wilcken, , Archiv viii (1927), 293Google Scholar; ix (1930), 242 f.; Viereck, and Zucker, , BGU 7, 205Google Scholar.

46 Cf. the Transsylvani a triptych, CIL iii, 940; Bruns, Fontes 7 no. 130: ‘Actum kanabis legioni xiii geminae.’ For the canabae, cf. Schulten, P- W s.v. ‘canabae’, 1451.

47 D. (48, 19), 9, 4, 5: “Nonnunqua m no n advocationibus cui interdicitur, sed foro … solet autem ita vel iuris studiosis interdici ve) advocatis vel tabellionibus sive pragmaticis. Solet et ita interdici, ne instrumenta omnino forment neve libellos concipiant vel testationes consignent.’

48 See below, p. 63.

49 For the following see Wilcken, Grundzüge 54.

50 For this legion see Ritterling, P- W s.v. ‘Legio’, 1671 ff.

51 Mommsen, Ges. Schr. 6, 20 ff., 75; Lesquier, L'armee Romaine d'Égypte 208; Segré, Aegyptus ix (1928), 303Google Scholar; Degrassi, , Aegyptus x (1929), 242Google Scholar.

52 For the cohorts, cf. Mommsen l.c.; Cichorius, P- W s.v. ‘Cohors’, 231 ff.; Lesquier l.c., 83 ff.; for cohors i Thracum, Cichorius l.c., 355 ff.; Bell, , JRS xxvii (1937), 34Google Scholar; British inscription, JRS xxxi (1941), 143Google Scholar. On the cohors ii Thebaeorum see Cichorius l.c., 335; Lesquier l.c., 95.

53 A list is given in P. Oxy. vii, 1022, an Wilcken, Chrestomathie no. 453.

54 Mommsen l.c., 33, n. 1.

55 Wilcken, Grundzüge 54.

56 Epit. Ulp. 1, 17; 11, 22, 24, 27; Paul, Sent. (2, 21a), 6.; Fragm. Vat. 45. 259; Kübler, , ZSS xxx (1909), 168Google Scholar; Peters, ibid. xxxii (1911), 240; Kunkel, Röm. Privatrecht (1935), § 192.

57 The same formula in the testatio, PSI ix, 1027; Sanders, , Aegyptus xi (1931), 185Google Scholar.

58 Passages are collected in dictionaries.

59 Vocab. jurisprud. Rom. 5, 1055; Th. Kipp, Die Litisdenuntialion (1887), 59.

60 Cf. JRS xxxii, 87.

61 Seidl, E., Der Eid im Römisch-Aegypt. Provinzialrecht 1 (1933). 63Google Scholar; 2 (1935), 127.

62 In a declaration of birth filius naturalis can only mean illegitimate son and not as Bell, JRS xxvii (1937), 35Google Scholar, believes, natural son in contrast to filius adoptivus.

63 Mitteis, Grundzüge 281; Cagnat, L'armée romaine d'Afrique (1913), 368; Lesquier l.c., 262 ff.; Nesselhauf, CIL xvi, 154; Fink, R. O., Trans. Am. Phil. Association lxxii, 1941, 141Google Scholar. The formula in militia nati corresponds with the expression used in the ‘episrula Hadriani’ (Mitteis, Chrestomathien. 373): οἰ τῷ τῆς στρατείας χρόνῳ ἀναλημφθέντες.

64 Mommsen, Staatsrecht 3, 72 f.; Cagnat, Cours d'Épigraphie latine, 3rd ed. (1898), 70 ff., 4th ed. 73; Mispoulet, Études d'institutions romaines (1887), 271 ff; Kubitschek, , Wien. St. xlvii (1929), 130 ffGoogle Scholar. This formula was of course never used, when the father made the testatio.

65 Archiv. viii (1927), 203Google Scholar.

66 See above, p. 59.

67 Thes. LL. 5, 767 s.v. destrictio.

68 Viereck and Zucker, BGU 7, 205.

69 Vocab. Iurisprud. Rom. 3, 874, 29 ff.

70 Epit. Ulp. 3, 3; D. (14, 6), 16.

71 First published by Grenfell, and Hunt, , Bodleian Quarterly Record xi (1919), 259 ffGoogle Scholar. Reprinted by Mitteis, , ZSS xl (1919), 358Google Scholar; Cagnat and Besnier, L'année épigraph. 1919, no. 23; Maroi, , Aegyptus i (1920), 139 ff.Google Scholar; Schiaparelli, , Raccolta di documenti Latini i (1923)Google Scholar, no. 33.

72 Published by Sanders, , AJA 46 (1942), 94–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

73 Provided that Sanders' reading is correct.

74 Thes. LL. 5, 1350, 37; Weiss, E., ZSS xlix (1929), 260–2Google Scholar; Wilcken, , Archiv x (1932), 276Google Scholar.

75 CIL viii, 270 and 11451; Bruns, Fontes 7 no. 61; cf. the Transsylvania diptych of A.D. 167 (CIL iii, 2, 950; Bruns, Fontes 7 no. 171): ‘de qua re dua paria tabularum signata sunt.’

76 Thes. LL. 2, 1998, 2 5 ff.; Vocab. Jurisprud. Rom, 1, 576, s.v. bini. ‘Binae tabulae’; D. (28, 3) 11; (31, 47); (47, 2) 27, 1.

77 In the Brit. Mus. diptych the abbreviation probably means: b(inae) d(e) e(adem) r(e) e(odem) e(xemplo) t(abulae) s(criptae) s(ignatae) s(unt). Possibly, however, the third s is only a blunder of the scribe, who had in his mind the well-known formula s(upra) sicripta) s(unt). Sanders, l.c. 97, suggests the following expansion: b(is) d(e) e(a) r(e) e(odem) e(xemplo) t(abulae) s(upra) s(criptae) s(uni). He refers bis to the two copies in the diptych (scriptura interior and exterior). I can only translate this expansion as ‘the tablets have been written twice above’. I fail to understand this, as the scriptura exterior is obviously not above this clause.

78 Schmidt, Karl Fr. W., Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen 199 (1938), 152Google Scholar. Accordingly our document says: ‘se has testationes interposuisse dixit.’

79 Sueton., Tib. 76: ‘testamentum duplex, alterum sua alterum liberti manu, sed eodem exemplo’ Caesar, BC 3, 108, 6; Hohl, E., ‘Zu den Testamenten des Augustus,’ Klio 30 (1937), 3235CrossRefGoogle Scholar.; Thes. LL. 5, 1350, 13 ff.; 2, 1998, 25 ff.; Kübler, Studi in onore di S. Riccobono 1, 437 ff.; ZSS liii (1933) 64 ffGoogle Scholar. Sanders, l.c. 96 f., seems to have overlooked this literature. His opinion cannot be accepted.

80 Kübler, l.c.

81 Hiberna means the permanent garrison. See Domaszewski, P-W s.v. ‘castrum’, 1766.

82 Mitteis, Grundzüge 56.

83 Preisigke, Fachwörter des öffentlichen Verwaltungsdienstes Aegyptens (1915), 83; Mitteis, Grundzüge 254; Wilcken, , Archiv ix (1930), 242Google Scholar.

84 For the following see Mommsen, Ges. Schriften 3, 500 ff.; Th. Kipp, Die Litisdenuntiation (1887), 59 ff.; Brassloff, , ZSS xxvii (1906), 217 f.Google Scholar; Costa, Cicerone giureconsulto 2 (2nd ed., 1928), 145; Wenge Institutes of the Roman Law of Civil Procedure (1940), 198, n. 31, 188, n. 31; Kaser, P-W s.v. ‘Testimonium’, 1028 ff.

85 JRS xxxii, 80.

86 In no. 13 the soldier declares ‘[idcirco hanc testationem interposuisse se …] ut possit post honestam missionem suam ad epicrisin suam. adprobare filium suum naturalem esse.’ This seems to refer to the ἐπίκρισις veteranorum; Wilcken, Grundzüge 400 f.; Lesquier, l.c.

87 Modestinus D. (27, 1), 2, 1: ἡ δὲ ἤλικία δείκνυται ἤ ἐκ παιδογραφιῶν…. Obviously Modestinus has in mind the Roman register of births. Wilcken, Ckrest. no. 143, thinks otherwise. In P.Flor. 57 (Wilcken, l.c.), Heron could not prove his age by the register because he was not a Roman citizen and consequently was not registered in the Roman register of births.

88 Cf. Scaevola, JRS xxxii, 81.

89 Rescripts are cited in JRS xxxii, 83.

90 Wenger, l.c. 192.

91 Ges. Schriften 3, 501.

92 Above, p. 56.

93 Acts xxii, 28. Mommsen's interpretation (Ges. Schriften 3, 435) cannot be right.

94 Cadbury in Jackson, Foakes and Lake, Kirsopp, The Beginnings of Christianity v (1933), 316Google Scholar.

95 Mitteis, Röm. Privatrecht 1, 298 fGoogle Scholar.

96 F. Schulz, Principles of Roman Law (1936), 28 ff.

97 Cic., Top. 12, 51, and the commentary of Boethius ad h.l.: ‘Iuris peritus de facti qualitate, non etiam de ipsius facti veritate responded.’