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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 September 2012
The Roman Forum appears to the casual observer a tangled mass of walls superimposed one upon another without rhyme or reason. After a careful elimination, however, of the confusing elements brought in by later restorations, it is possible to establish certain common levels not only for the Forum but also for the smaller areas closely united to it. Of these levels, that which we may again, after the lapse of many centuries, call the present level may best serve as a fixed point of reference in our discussion, since all the greater monuments of the Golden Age in and about the Forum were built or rebuilt in conformity to it. A clearly defined, though much broken, pavement of travertine slabs, which is clearly traceable throughout the whole Forum, renders it more easily recognizable. Though badly sunken in many other places, the height of this pavement along the line of the main axis of the central area is 12·50 to 14 metres above sea level.
page 1 note 2 For these levels, see plan II.
page 1 note 3 For the Forum of the Augustan period see plan I. The principal monuments are outlined in black.
page 1 note 4 The levels throughout this paper have been reckoned from the data established by the School of Engineers of the University of Rome in their valuable plan of the central part of the city. (Media Pars Urbis, Firenze, 1911)Google Scholar.
page 1 note 5 The major axis of the present Forum runs almost exactly north-west and south-east. It has seemed wiser, however, in this discussion, in accordance with common usage to designate as the north side that occupied by the Basilica Aemilia, and as the south side that on which lies the Basilica Julia.
page 2 note 1 For the porticus Julia, see Van Deman, , The Porticus of Gains and Lucius, A.J.A. 1913, 14-28.Google Scholar
page 2 note 2 Cicero, de N.D. 34, 13
page 2 note 3 Pliny, , N.H. ii, 93Google Scholar.
page 2 note 4 Servius, , ad Aen. viii, 36, 3Google Scholar.
page 2 note 5 For the materials and methods of construction of the Augustan period, see Van Deman, , Methods of Determining the Date of Roman Concrete Monuments, A.J.A. 1912, 387-396.Google Scholar
page 3 note 1 Plan II. Three levels only are shown in this plan.
page 3 note 2 N.d.S. 1900, 317-370; Bull. com. 1900, 274-280; 1903, 125-134. Cf. Pinza, , Il Comizio Romano nella età Repubblicana, 1905.Google Scholar
page 3 note 3 A. Mosso, N.d.S. 1906, 46. Alessandro Portis ap. Mosso, l.c. 48, n. 2.
page 4 note 1 N.d.S. 1900, 298, fig. 4; 334; 338.
page 4 note 2 Gatti, , Bull. com. 1907, 174Google Scholar; A. Mosso, N.d.S. 1906, 50.
page 4 note 3 Van Deman, The Atrium Vestae, 13 and plan A. The grave is behind room iv.
page 5 note 1 In dealing with the earlier periods, the orientation is given with respect to the actual points of the compass.
page 5 note 2 With this photograph, courteously placed at my disposal by Dr. Ashby, cf. Platner, Top. of Anc. Rome, 238, fig. 50; Bull. com. 1900, 279; 1903, 94 and fig. 7; Röm. Mit. 1905, 67 and fig. 21, x, 7.
page 5 note 3 C.R. 1901, 138.
page 5 note 4 The orientation of this pavement is given incorrectly in Röm. Mit. 1905, fig. 21, near f.
page 5 note 5 N.d.S. 1901, 112-113 and fig. 72.
page 5 note 6 l.c. 112.
page 5 note 7 For this pavement, see Van Deman, The Atrium Vestae, 13 and plan A.
page 5 note 8 Bull. com. 1902, 190; 1903, 165; Röm. Mit. 1905, 80.
page 6 note 1 Curc. 476.
page 6 note 2 See plate IV, no. 1. The curved steps on the right of the photograph.
page 7 note 1 See plate 1, no. 1.
page 7 note 2 See plate 1, no. 1. Cf. Platner, l.c. 238, fig. 50.
page 7 note 3 l.c. 30, 47.
page 8 note 1 See p. 14.
page 8 note 2 Van Deman, , The So-called Flavian Rostra, A.F.A. 1909, 178-80, 184-86.Google Scholar
page 10 note 1 Ant. Denk. i, 17 and Taf. 28 f. That the pavement reported cannot have been that of cappellaccio at 10·90 m. a. s. l. is certain, since the excavations were not carried below 11·70 to 11·80 m. a. s. l., as is clear from Taf. 28, A-A.
page 10 note 1 For this pavement see p. 20.
page 11 note 2 It is probable, however, that certain of the monuments on the site of the Basilica Julia still preserved the earlier orientation.
page 11 note 3 Below the first Taberna from the east a few slabs of cappellaccio have just been discovered which preserve the older orientation.
page 12 note 1 For the type and provenance of this variety of tufa, see Frank, , A.J.A. 1918, 182, 187 et al.Google Scholar
page 13 note 1 This gutter is traceable in fig. 1 on the right of the travertine slab at the top of the picture.
page 13 note 21 Cf. N.d.S. 1901, 81 and fig. 15.
page 14 note 1 Cicero, de Nat. Deor. 34, 13.
page 14 note 2 N.d.S. 1900, 628.
page 14 note 3 Livy, 41, 27.
page 14 note 4 See plate 11, no. 2. On the right, immediately above the millstone lava blocks, two courses of the crepido are traceable. The upper course is not visible in the photograph.
page 15 note 1 For the Augustan type of concrete, see Van Deman, , A.J.A. 1912, 391-92.Google Scholar
page 16 note 1 C.R. 1901, 87.
page 16 note 2 For this concrete, see Van Deman, A.J.A. 1912, 247.Google Scholar
page 16 note 3 For the remains of this basilica, see Van Deman, , The Forticus of Gaius and Lucius, A.J.A. 1913, 14-19 and plate i.Google Scholar
page 17 note 1 G.R. 1899, 466. In addition to the pavement at the west end of the Forum, a similar pavement is still visible in a small room near the Arch of Titus. A few pieces of the same type of pavement were discovered a number of metres below the present level just north of the Colosseum, while the new sewer from San Clemente was being laid.
page 17 note 2 The exact site of these remains has not been reported. The position represented on plan I is merely approximate.
page 17 note 3 See pp. 25-26 and plate II, no. 2.
page 17 note 4 C.R. 1902, 94.
page 17 note 5 Op. cit. Tav. 29.
page 18 note 1 Cf. Boni, N.d.S. 1901, 63.
page 18 note 2 For this concrete, see Van Deman, , A.J.A. 1912, 247.Google Scholar
page 18 note 3 Boni, l.c. For full discussion of the construction, see Boni, l.c.
page 18 note 4 C.R. 1901, 89.
page 18 note 6 The information concerning these remains has been courteously given me by Dr. Tenney Frank. For the existence of such a porticus, cf. Vitruvius. v, 1, 2; Livy i, 35.
page 19 note 1 Studniczka, , Jabresh., 1903, 154.Google Scholar
page 19 note 2 See p. 21.
page 19 note 3 Röm. Mit. 1905, 63.
page 19 note 4 See pp. 20-21.
page 19 note 5 See p. 10.
page 22 note 1 For an excellent plan of this monunent see Hülsen, , Röm. Mit. 1905, Taf. ii.Google Scholar
page 23 note 1 See plate IV, no. 1.
page 24 note 1 vii, 6, 1.
page 24 note 2 N.d.S. 1899, 158; 1900, 145; 1900, 320, 322, 323.
page 24 note 3 N.d.S. 1900, 322.
page 24 note 4 Bull. com. 1903, 272.
page 24 note 5 l.c.
page 24 note 6 N.d.S. 1900, 320.
page 25 note 1 Richter, Beitr. zu röm. Top. Taf. ii. 2, 11 abb. 7. Cf. Röm. Mit. 1905, 223, fig. 3.
page 25 note 2 Plan I and plate 11, no. 2. The cut stone walls in the foreground.
page 26 note 1 Frank, , A.J.A. 1918, 187.Google Scholar
page 26 note 2 C.R. 1902, 97.
page 26 note 3 See plan I.
page 26 note 4 Plan I. Cf. Ant. Denk. i, 14-15 and Taf. 27-28.
page 26 note 5 l.c. Taf. 28. The height above sea-level is not stated, but by comparison with other known walls it was 11·75 to 11·80 m.
page 27 note 1 Jahrb. d. Inst. 1899, 149.Google Scholar
page 27 note 2 Ant. Denk. i. Taf. 27, 27 c-c.
page 27 note 3 Ps.-Asconius in Verrem. i, 19.
page 27 note 4 Schol. Gronov. i, p. 303.
page 27 note 5 Pollio, Vita Salonini, i.
page 27 note 6 Schol. Gronov. i, p. 399.
page 27 note 7 Schol. on Persius 4, 49.
page 27 note 8 Van Deman, , A.J.A. 1913, 27.Google Scholar
page 27 note 9 For these references, see Lanciani, , N.d.S. 1882, 222 ff.Google Scholar; Hülsen, , Festschr. zu O. Hirschfelds sechzigstem Geburtstag. 423 ff.Google Scholar
page 27 note 10 Cod. Vat. Ottob. 3368, 4, ap. Lanciani l.c. 323·4.
page 28 note 1 N.d.S. 1899, 489-90.Google Scholar
page 29 note 1 See Van Deman, , The Atrium Vestae, 12-13.Google Scholar
page 29 note 2 Marucchi, , Guida arch. della Città di Palestrina (1912), 78.Google Scholar
page 29 note 3 B.C. 1909, 66-74. Cf. Engelmann, R., Berl. phil. Wochenschr. 1907, 1651 f.Google Scholar
page 29 note 4 xxxvi, 64.
page 29 note 5 For the full discussion of this monument, see A.J.A. xvii, 14-28.Google Scholar
page 30 note 1 l.c. plate I. See plan I. Cf. A.J.A. xvii, 15, fig. 1.
page 30 note 2 A.J.A. xvii, 25.
page 30 note 3 Ad. Att. iv, 16, 14. Cf. A.J.A. xvii, 25 and n. 1.
page 31 note 1 P. 317.
page 31 note 2 Top. i, 1, 525.
