^{page 168 note 1} See MM. Poinssot and Lantier in C. R. Acad. Inscr., 1923, p. 197Google Scholar. ‘Excavations at Henchir-Ksour-Dzemda, near Henchir-Dzemda’ (= Municipium Augusta Semta).

^{page 168 note 2} C.I.L., vi, 354, 1110, 3325, 3327; 11, 484; vlii, 2530. Dessau, 484. This last was found in the House of the Vestals, which seems inexplicable, vide Bull. Comm. 1883, p. 213.

^{page 168 note 3} C.I.L. vi, 354, 1110, 3329; xi, 5215.

^{page 168 note 4} C.I.L. vi, 3324, 3328; viii, 1322.

^{page 168 note 5} C.I.L. vi, 428, 3326.

^{page 168 note 6} C.I.L. vi, 230, 232 (?); xiv, 7 Cl. Rev. 1908, P. 156 = No. 7, supra, p. 164, plate xiv, 1.

^{page 168 note 7} C.I.L. ii, 484. Cf. vi, 3329.

^{page 168 note 8} So Marini, Arv. p. 434. Preller, Regionen, p. 99.

^{page 168 note 9} Bull. d. I. 1884, p. 24. Dar. et Sagl. s.v. ‘Peregrini’ (Cagnat).

^{page 169 note 1} C.I.L. viii, 1322.

^{page 169 note 2} C.I.L. vi, 1110. Cl. Rev. 1908, p. 156 = no. 7, supra, p. 164, plate xiv, 1.

^{page 169 note 3} In an earlier article Bull. d. I. 1851, p. 119. Henzen reached a similar conclusion, though he still supposed the existence of individuals called Peregrini ‘in such a way that though one could not call every Peregrinus a Frumentarius, yet every Frumentarius was a Peregrinus.’

^{page 169 note 4} C.I.L. vi, 354.

^{page 170 note 1} C.I.L. vi, 3340.

^{page 170 note 2} So Marquardt, Stswtg. ii², p. 491, note 9.

^{page 170 note 3} This is clear from C.I.L. iii, 1980; viii, 2825; C.I.Gr. 2802. In other cases the abbreviation 7 FR. or FRVM. might stand for either.

^{page 170 note 4} C.I.L. vi, 3324–3366, etc.

^{page 170 note 5} C.I.L. vi, 3332; cf. ibid. 230 and iii, 433; for Frumentarii of different legions see vi, 3334, 3346, 3351.

^{page 171 note 1} Cauer, Vide, Eph. Ep. iv, p. 455Google Scholar.

^{page 171 note 2} Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. ‘Frumentarii.’

^{page 171 note 3} Bull. d. I. 1884, p. 23. Henzen even goes so far as to draw a parallel between the Frumentarii and the Equites Singulares in this respect. It is only fair to add that neither Cauer nor Fiebiger nor Hensen knew of the occurrence of XV Apollinaris in Rome. Cf. N.S. 1904, p. 272 = no. 1 supra, p. 163.

^{page 171 note 4} Cf. Dio. lv, 23.

^{page 171 note 5} Dessau, 484 = Bull. Comm. 1883, p. 123. This inscription also implies a speculator of III Parthica, another eastern, legion, in Rome.

^{page 171 note 6} II Traiana. 7 FR. C.I.L. iii, 1980; III Cyrenaica, C.I.L. iii, 2063; X Fretensis, C.I.L. iii, 6108.

^{page 171 note 7} Röm. Mitth. xx (1905), p. 310–320Google Scholar.

^{page 172 note 1} Dessau, 484.

^{page 172 note 2} C.I.L. ii, 484.

^{page 172 note 3} ib.; Dio, lxxviii, 14.

^{page 172 note 4} C.I.L. viii, 2530.

^{page 172 note 5} Dio lxxviii, 15. It is uncertain if ἡγούμϵνοι τῶν άγγϵλιαφορῶν means Princeps Peregrinorum of Centurio Frumentatius: probably the former.

^{page 172 note 6} C.I.L. ii, 484; Dio. lxxviii, 14.

^{page 172 note 7} C.I.L. vi, 428, 3326. Mommsen, Sitz. Berl. Akad. 1895. p 497, thinks that these may be identified with Subprincipes.

^{page 173 note 1} C.I.L. xi, 5215.

^{page 173 note 2} C.I.L. vi, 354.

^{page 173 note 3} This is proved by two inscriptions cited below. Mommsen, l.c., seems to think that the Optio Peregrinorum was a Centurion, and either the equivalent of the Subprinceps, or an older title of the Princeps!

^{page 173 note 4} C.I.L. vi, 3328. Some letters after the symbol 7 may be FR, but are uncertain. There is only one other inscription of an Optio, C.I.L. vi, 3324.

^{page 173 note 5} C.I.L. viii, 1322.

^{page 174 note 1} Cl. Rev. 1908, p. 156. = no. 7, supra, p. 164, plate xiv, I.

^{page 174 note 2} C.I.L. vi 2460.

^{page 174 note 3} C.I.L. vi, 224, 226, 228; viii, 2825, etc.

^{page 174 note 4} C.I.L. xi, 395.

^{page 174 note 5} C.I.L. iii, 3470.

^{page 174 note 6} C.I.L. iii, 6025; vii, 965.

^{page 174 note 7} The Exercitator Equitum Speculatorum mentioned above belongs to the Praetorian Speculatores.

^{page 174 note 8} C.I.L. viii, 2825.

^{page 175 note 1} C.I.L. vi, 1110. Two tribunes also appear, but of what unit is unknown.

^{page 175 note 2} von Domaszewski, Rang. p. 104.

^{page 175 note 3} Cf. ibid.

^{page 175 note 4} C.I.L. iii, 7326; vi, 3357; xi, 1836. N.S. 1883, p. 451. Cl. Rev. 1908, p. 156. I.G.R.R. iii, 28.

^{page 175 note 5} C.I.L. vi, 3358.

^{page 175 note 6} So Cagnat in Dar. et Sagl. s.v. Centurio. Henzen, Ann. d. I. 1850, p. 45. Mommsen, Eph. Ep. iv, p. 240.

^{page 175 note 7} C.I.L. xi, 1836. He began his career with this staff appointment.

^{page 176 note 1} Cl. Rev. 1908, p. 156 no. 7, supra, p. 164, plate xiv, 1.

^{page 176 note 2} C.I.L. v, 8278.

^{page 176 note 3} C.I.L. vi, 428, 1063, 1110, 326, 3331, 30947, 31036; iii, 1180 (=7795); viii, 2825; xi, 5215 In ii, 484 and Cl. Rev. 1908, p. 156, it seemed to be implied.

^{page 176 note 4} N.S. 1904, p. 272 = no. 1, supra, p. 163. Found on the site of the Castra Peregrinorum, so 7 is obviously meant for 7 Frumentarius; some post may have intervened. C.I.L. iii, 2063.

^{page 176 note 5} Cl. Rev. 1908, p. 156 = no. 7, supra, p. 164, plate xiv, 1.

^{page 177 note 1} C.I.L. ii, 484; viii, 16553.

^{page 177 note 2} C.I.L. viii, 2825.

^{page 177 note 3} C.I.L. xi, 5215. Cf. also C.I.L. iii, 1980, where a 7 Fr. commands a vexillatio of 200 men of different legions.

^{page 177 note 4} C.I.L. vi, 428, 3326.

^{page 177 note 5} C.I.L. ii, 484. Dio. lxxviii, 14.

^{page 177 note 6} C.I.L. vi, 1636; x, 6657. Trebonius Sossianus 7 Fr. under Gordian III (C.I.L. vi, 423) is Primus Pilus under Philip (C.I.L. iii, 14149. 5).

^{page 177 note 7} Cf. Veg. ii, 8.

^{page 177 note 8} But cf. Lydus, John, de Mens. i, 26Google Scholar τάξις τις πϵνήκοντα τὸν ὰριθμόν ἀνδρῶν οἱ φρονμϵντάριοι καὶ κουριωσοι προσηγορϵύοντο κ.τ.λ. If there is any bais of truth in this it may possibly refer to the original establishment of the Frumentarii, viz.: 2 each from the 25 legions of Augustus.

^{page 177 note 9} C.I.L. vi, 3351, 3361 (? three). Ib. 3349, 3357, 3361?, 3333 (two).

^{page 178 note 1} C.I.L. xi, 1322.

^{page 178 note 2} Korr. Bl. d. Westd. Zeitsch. ii, p. 63, no. 171.

^{page 178 note 3} C.I.L. ii, 4154; iii, 3020; viii, 17627.

^{page 178 note 4} C.I.L. xiii, 1771; on this inscription see de Boissieu, Insc. Ant. de Lyon, no. xxvii, p. 40, He confuses the Frumentarii with their successors, the Agentes in Rebus.

^{page 178 note 5} Vide supra, p. 176, note 4.

^{page 178 note 6} Dessau, 484.

^{page 178 note 7} C.I.L. vi, 3358.

^{page 178 note 8} Dio. lxxviii, 14.

^{page 178 note 9} C.I.L. iii, 3524.

^{page 178 note 10} C.I.L. ii, 4122; iii, 3524, 4452.

^{page 179 note 1} C.I.L. vi, 3339.

^{page 179 note 2} C.I.L. vi, 3335.

^{page 179 note 3} Cl. Rev. 1905, p. 328 = no. 5, supra, p. 164.

^{page 179 note 4} C.I.L. vi, 231, 1110. In the latter the man is called V·E·EX·KAN[al], which, if right, is peculiar.

^{page 179 note 5} C.I.L. vi, 231, fig. 13, supra, p. 155. Cf. the parallel case of an ‘Aedilia’ of a vexilatio of Vigiles engaged in producing a dramatic entertainment. C.I.L. vi, 1063.

^{page 179 note 6} C.I.L. vi, 428, Maximinus' name was substituted for Alexander's, and then in turn erased.

^{page 179 note 7} Cf. Ashby, in Cl. Rev. 1905, p. 328Google Scholar. The best the known is that which gives its name to the Piazza della Navicella.

^{page 180 note 1} Vit.Hadr. II, 4.

^{page 180 note 2} Vit. Macr. 12, 4. Cf. Vit. Alex. 23.2, ‘de omnibus hommibus per fideles homines suos semper quaesivit.’ Cf. also Dio. lxxvii, 17; infra.

^{page 180 note 3} Vit. Max. et Balb. 10, 3, ‘scriptum est … ad omnes provincias missis frumentariis.’

^{page 180 note 4} Vit. Div. Claud. 17, I, ‘nuntiatum (Gallieno) per frumentarios Claudium irasci.’

^{page 180 note 5} C.I.L. iii, 2063.

^{page 180 note 6} C.I.L. iii, 14191.

^{page 180 note 7} Euesh. H.E vi, 40, ‘Εαβῖνος ϕρουμεντάριον ἔπεμψεν εἰς ἀναζήτησίν μου.’ St. Cyprian, Ep. 81. ‘Frumentarios esse missos, qui me Uticam perducerent.’ Acta Mart. (ed. Ruinart) p. 52, ‘ego … domi mansi adventum expectans frumentarii’.

^{page 180 note 8} C.I.L. iii, 433, FR · LEG · I · AD · AGENS · CVRAM · CARCERIS.

^{page 180 note 9} C.I.L. xi, 1322.

^{page 180 note 10} Vit. Com. 4, 5.

^{page 180 note 11} Vit. Jul. 5, 8.

^{page 180 note 12} C.I.L. x, 6657.

^{page 180 note 13} Dio. lxxviii, 15.

^{page 181 note 1} Caes. 39, 44. The Agentes in rebus were soon no better than their predecessors. Cf. Amm. Marc. xvi, 5, 11.

^{page 181 note 2} in Abdiam, I.

^{page 181 note 3} Procop. Bell. V and. i, 16, 12, ‘οἱ ἐς τὰς βασιλικὰς ἀποκρίσεις ἄει στελλόμενοι οὕς βερεδαρίους καλοῦσι.’

^{page 181 note 4} Caes. 13. Cf. Naudet, Mem. de l'Acad. des Sc. Mor.et Pol. vi, 782, f.

^{page 181 note 5} lxxvii, 17.

^{page 181 note 6} C.I.L. vi, 230.

^{page 182 note 1} C.I.L. vi, 3329.

^{page 182 note 2} C.I.L. x, 6575. This is given in duplicate as C.I.L. vi, 32873 and as coming from Rome. It is only preserved in MS.

^{page 182 note 3} C.I.L. x, 6095.

^{page 182 note 4} C.I.L. x, 1771.

^{page 182 note 5} C.I.L. xiv, 125.

^{page 182 note 6} C.I.L. xiv, 149.

^{page 182 note 7} C.I.L. xiv, 7.

^{page 182 note 8} Dio. lxxviii, 14, 15, 39. Other equivalents in lxxvii, 17, quoted supra, perhaps are Speculatores.

^{page 182 note 9} de Mag P.R. ii, 10.

^{page 182 note 10} Dio. lxxviii, 39, 3.

^{page 182 note 11} Calig. 44.

^{page 182 note 12} Ang. 49.

^{page 183 note 1} Caes. 13, also Capitolinus, Vit. Pit, 12.

^{page 183 note 2} Vit. Ser. 14, ‘vehicularium munus a privatis ad fiscum traduxit.’ But notice a coin of Nerva (Cohen, ii, p. 13; No. 143) of 97 AD. with the inscription on the reverse VEHICVLATIONE. ITALIAE · REMISSA · S· C.

^{page 183 note 3} Fiebiger in Pauly-Wissowa, s.v.

^{page 183 note 4} Marquardt, Stswtg. ii, p. 475Google Scholar, etc.

^{page 183 note 5} Naudet. C. R. Acad. Inscr. 1875, p. 144, who rightly rejects Desjardins' interpretation of ‘a man who draws frumentum publicum.’ This interpretation was invented to account for the appearance of a Frumentarius in the Excubitorium of Cohort VII of the Vigiles: C.I.L. vi, 3052. Two 77 Fr. are also found connected with the Vigiles in C.I.L. vi, 1063; what this connexion was one cannot say.

^{page 184 note 1} Verfass. u. Verw. des röm. Staates, ii, p. 744.

^{page 184 note 2} Mém. del'Acad. des Sci. Mor. et Pol. vi. p. 781 f.

^{page 184 note 3} C. R. Acad. Inscr., l.c.; so too Cagnat, Armée romaine d'Afrique, p. 388. On Primipilares, Gothof. ad Cod. Theod. viii, 14.

^{page 184 note 4} Röm. Mitt, xx (1905), p. 310–320Google Scholar

^{page 184 note 5} de Mag. P. R. iii, 7

^{page 184 note 6} de Mens. i, 26.

^{page 184 note 7} C.I.L. vi, 3340. Cf. 2893 of a man who PAVIT · LEG · X · GEM.

^{page 184 note 8} Bull. d. I. 1884, p. 21.

^{page 185 note 1} Sitz. Berl. Akad. 1895, p. 495 f.

^{page 185 note 2} English A.V. ‘the captain of the guard.’

^{page 185 note 3} As given in English R.V. and the Vulgate.

^{page 185 note 4} One may note as an exception the Equites Singulares who were probably raised by Domitian.

^{page 185 note 5} Cichorius in Pauly-Wissowa, iv, pp. 248, 249. In The Church Times, Jan. 25th, 1924, I ventured to give a different view.

^{page 186 note 1} Still apparently so used in the fourth century, Amm. Marc, xvi, 12, 66. Possibly the δϵσμοφύλαξ of Dio, lxxvi, io, 3 may be intended for the Princeps Peregrinorum.

^{page 186 note 2} Tac. Hist. ii, 73. Cf. also the men from the fleets used for communications from Puteoli and Ostia to Rome; Suet. Vesp. S. Perhaps the Frumentarii superseded them as the courier service developed.

^{page 186 note 3} Praetorian Speculatores Tac. Hist. ii, II, 33, etc. Plutarch Otho 4, calls them πτϵροΦὸροι. See also Galba 24, Suet. Calig. 44.

^{page 186 note 4} Vit. Nigri 10 ‘… addito eo ut … pane ac frigida vescerentur (milites) adpositis speculatoribus. qui id curarent.’

^{page 187 note 1} C.I.L. iii, 1474. Frum. Leg. VI Victricis at Sarmizegethusa, ib. 3578. Frum. Leg. IV Flaviae Lugduat Aquincum. Ib. 5579. Frum. Leg. VII Geminae in Noricum. viii, 2867. Frum. Leg. V Macedonicae at Lambaesis.

^{page 187 note 2} C.I.L. xiii, 1771, IGRR iii, 80 (called Φρουμϵντάριος Αὐγούστου) both from Lugdunensis. C.I.L. iii, 433, from Asia. Ib. 1980, 2063 from Dalmatia.