¹ Mills, C. Wright, ‘The Professional Ideology of Social Pathologists’, American Journal of Sociology 49 (1943), 165–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² The most notable exception is Wootton, B., assisted by V. G. Seal and R. Chambers, Social Science and Social Pathology, Part II, Allen and Unwin, London, 1959.Google Scholar

³ In January 1976 all member institutions of the Joint University Council for Public and Social Administration, and some other higher education institutions with social administration or closely related courses, were circulated with a request for their first and most elementary reading lists for social administration. Two-thirds gave their recommended reading; the listing here is therefore fairly secure, but not definitive. Most notable was the range of books recommended – over 200 in all – of which only a third were on two or more lists. Three books were mentioned by half or more of the institutions – Marshall, T. H., Social Policy in the Twentieth Century, various editions, Hutchinson, London (the 1970 edition is referred to in these references)Google Scholar; Titmuss, R. M., Essays on the Welfare State, Allen and Unwin, London, 1958Google Scholar; and Titmuss, R. M., Social Policy: An Introduction, Allen and Unwin, London, 1974Google Scholar. Three others were mentioned by more than a third – Titmuss, R. M., Commitment to Welfare, Allen and Unwin, London, 1968Google Scholar; Pinker, R., Social Theory and Social Policy, Heinemann, London, 1971Google Scholar; and Hall, Penelope, The Social Services of Modern EnglandGoogle Scholar, various editions, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. Other books mentioned by a quarter or more were Butterworth, E. and Holman, D. (eds), Social Welfare in Modern Britain, Fontana, London, 1975Google Scholar; Birrell, W. D., Hillyard, P. A. R., Murie, A. S. and Roche, D. J. D. (eds), Social Administration, Penguin Books, Harmonds-worth, 1973Google Scholar; Brown, M., Introduction to Social Administration, Hutchinson, London, 1969Google Scholar; Forder, A., Concepts in Social Administration, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1975Google Scholar; Slack, K., Social Administration and the Citizen, Michael Joseph, London, 1966Google Scholar; Sleeman, J. F., The Welfare State, Allen and Unwin, London, 1973Google Scholar; and Fraser, D. F., Evolution of the British Welfare State, Macmillan, London, 1973CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Unless otherwise stated, all textbooks cited were mentioned on an introductory reading list.

⁴ For instance Hall, Phoebe, Land, Hilary, Parker, R. A. and Webb, Adrian, Change, Choice and Conflict in Social Policy, Heinemann, London, 1975Google Scholar, in which the approach of the introduction is scarcely followed up in the text, where these assumptions are present; and the work of Titmuss and Peter Townsend seems to be based implicitly on a similar approach, although both vigorously attack it. For a discussion of Titmuss's relationship to the ideas mentioned here, see Reisman, D. A., Richard Titmuss: Welfare and Society, Heinemann, London, 1977.Google Scholar

⁵ Rein, M., Social Policy: Issues of Choice and Change, Random House, New York, 1970, p. 4.Google Scholar

⁶ Rodgers, B., Greve, J. and Morgan, J. S., Comparative Social Administration, Allen and Unwin, London, 1968, p. 11.Google Scholar

⁷ Cooper, M. H. (ed.), Social Policy: A Survey of Recent Developments, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1973.Google Scholar

⁸ J. Greve, ‘Comparison, Perspectives and Values’, in Butterworth and Holman, op. cit. p. 187.

⁹ Marshall, , Social Policy, p. 9Google Scholar. There is a full documentation of many definitions of social policy and of social services that could go into this section in Gil, D. G., Unravelling Social Policy, Schenkman Publishing Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1973Google Scholar, ch. 1. Gil also discusses their consequences and refuses to attempt a definition himself, saying that his concern is ‘the overall quality of, life in society, the circumstances of living of individuals and groups, and the nature of all intra-societal human relations’ – p. 13.

¹⁰ Marsh, D. C., The Future of the Welfare State, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1964, pp. 57–8.Google Scholar

¹¹ Warham, J., Social Policy in Context, Batsford, London, 1970, p. 71.Google Scholar

¹² Marshall, , Social Policy, p. 156.Google Scholar

¹³ Brown, op. cit. p. 12. See also Warham, , Social Policy in Context, p. 61Google Scholar; and Slack, , Social Administration and the Citizen, pp. 91et seq.Google Scholar

¹⁴ In this case social policy means conscious state intervention in social affairs.

¹⁵ see Boyd, C. W. (ed.), Mr Chamberlain's Speeches, Constable, London, 1914, pp. 131–7Google Scholar. the ‘ransom’ speech.

¹⁶ see Ashley, M. J., A Science of Commerce and Some Prolegomena, 1906Google Scholar, quoted in Lafitte, F., Social Policy in a Free Society, inaugural lecture, University of Birmingham, 1962, p. 2.Google Scholar

¹⁷ See Social Insurance and Allied Services (Beveridge Report), Cmd 6404, HMSO, London, 1942, p. 171Google Scholar. It is interesting that Sleeman makes a lot of the effect of war on social policy without mentioning this aspect – Sleeman, op. cit. p. 39. Donnison, in his in augural lecture as professor at the London School of Economics, gave a full list of the pressures on social policy. By the end, however, he was posing moral and academic questions with implicit assumptions similar to those of social conscience writers – Donnison, David, The Development of Social Administration, London School of Economics, 1962Google Scholar. Extracts are in Birrell et al, op. cit. pp. 28–41.

¹⁸ Slack, , Social Administration and the Citizen, p. 40.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Robson, W. A., Welfare State and Welfare Society, Allen and Unwin, London, 1976, p. 34Google Scholar. This work was published after the survey of reading lists and was therefore not on any of them. It is included here to indicate that the social conscience approach is still alive.

²⁰ Titmuss, , Essays on the Welfare State, p. 21Google Scholar; Brown, op. cit. p. 25; Rimlinger, G. V., Welfare Policy and Industrialisation, John Wiley, New York, 1971, p. 341Google Scholar; and Hall, op. cit. (1952), p. 4. Lest the age of this last reference be objected to, note that warm mentions of it have continued to be made. Donnison refers to it as ‘our principal textbook’, in Birrell et al., op. cit. p. 28; Rodgers and her co-authors call it ‘the standard textbook of the subject’, in Rodgers et al., op. cit. p. 11; and the foreword by Lord Simey to the seventh edition (1969) refers to the original as a ‘classic text’. It remains one of the more commonly recommended textbooks, not all the book lists referring students to a recent edition.

²¹ Rodgers, B., The Battle Against Poverty, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1968, p. 2Google Scholar. See also Marshall, , Social Policy, p. 34Google Scholar; and Rooff, M., A Hundred Years of Family Welfare, Michael Joseph, London, 1972, p. 24.Google Scholar

²² see Gilbert, B. B., The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain, Michael Joseph, London, 1966, pp. 24–8.Google Scholar

²³ Slack, , Social Administration and the Citizen, p. 94.Google Scholar

²⁴ Butterworth and Holman, op. cit. p. 15.

²⁵ K. Slack, general editor's introduction to Eyden, J. L., Social Policy in Action, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1969, p. v.Google Scholar

²⁶ Marshall, , Social Policy, pp. 46–7.Google Scholar

²⁷ Ibid. p. 19. See also Rimlinger, op. cit. p. 11; and Hall et al., op. cit. p. 487 – quoting P. Ford.

²⁸ see Moorhouse, B., Wilson, M. and Chamberlaine, C., ‘Rent Strikes: Direct Action in the Working Class’, in Miliband, R. and Saville, J. (eds), The Socialist Register, Merlin Press, London, 1972.Google Scholar

²⁹ Sleeman, op. cit. p. 31. See also Marshall, , Social Policy, p. 69Google Scholar; and Bruce, M. (ed.), The Rise of the Welfare State, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1973, p. 24.Google Scholar

³⁰ Marsh, , The Future of the Welfare State, pp. 63–4.Google Scholar

³¹ Donnison, David, ‘Policies for Social Deprivation’Google Scholar, in Butterworth and Holman, op. cit. pp. 420–4.

³² Gregg, P., The Welfare State, George Harrap and Company, London, 1967, pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

³³ Marshall, , Social Policy, p. 14.Google Scholar

³⁴ For example de Schweinitz, K., England's Road to Social Security, Barnes and Company, New York, 1943Google Scholar; Bruce, op. cit.; Marsh, D. C., The Welfare State, Longman, London, 1970Google Scholar – ‘The Evolution of the Concept of a Welfare State’; and Rodgers, op. cit.

³⁵ Marshall, T. H., Sociology at the Crossroads, Heinemann, London, 1963, p. 73.Google Scholar

³⁶ Marshall, , Social Policy, p. 61Google Scholar. See also Marsh, D. C., National Insurance and Assistance in Great Britain, Pitman, London, 1950, p. 3.Google Scholar

³⁷ Brown, op. cit. p. 117.

³⁸ Sleeman, op. cit. p. 31.

³⁹ But see A. K. Maynard, ‘Social Security’, in Cooper, op. cit.

⁴⁰ Marshall's Social Policy is one of the exceptions here – see p. 81.

⁴¹ Marsh, , National Insurance and Assistance in Great Britain, p. 97.Google Scholar

⁴² See for example Rodgers et al, op. cit.

⁴³ F. Lafitte, op. cit. See the extract in Birrell et al, op. cit. p. 59. See also Rimlinger, op. cit. pp. 333–4.

⁴⁴ Lafitte, op. cit.; and Birrell et al, op. cit. pp. 59–60.

⁴⁵ Gregg, op. cit. title page.

⁴⁶ Myrdal, G., ‘Planning in the Welfare State’, in Schottland, C. I. (ed.), The Welfare State, Harper and Row, London, 1967, p. 106Google Scholar; Schottland, C. I., Introduction and editor's note in Schottland, The Welfare State, p. 15Google Scholar; and Marsh, , The Future of the Welfare State, p. 118.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Rodgers, op. cit. p. 1.

⁴⁸ Warham, , Social Policy in Context, p. 52.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Marsh, , The Future of the Welfare State, p. 46.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Marshall, , Sociology at the Crossroads, p. 110.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Gregg, op. cit. p. 233.

⁵² Hall, op. cit. (1952), p. 8.

⁵³ Parker, J., Local Health and Welfare Services, Allen and Unwin, London, 1965, p. 14Google Scholar. The difference in approach between this – predominantly a social conscience textbook – and her later Social Policy and Citizenship, Macmillan, , London, 1975Google Scholar, is one indication of change in social administration writing.

⁵⁴ Gregg, op. cit. Preface, p. v.

⁵⁵ Warham, , Social Policy in Context, p. 45.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ See Pinker, op. cit. ch. I.

⁵⁷ Titmuss, R. M., ‘Social Administration in a Changing Society’, in Titmuss, Essays on the Welfare State (third edition, 1976).Google Scholar

⁵⁸ See Reisman, op. cit.; and Abel-Smith, B., ‘Richard Morris Titmuss’, Journal of Social Policy, 2:3 (1973).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁹ Titmuss, R. M., ‘Time Remembered’Google Scholar, in Titmuss, , Commitment to Welfare, p. 48.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Titmuss, R. M., ‘The Relationship between Schools of Social Work, Social Research and Social Policy’Google Scholar, in Titmuss, , Commitment to Welfare.Google Scholar

⁶¹ For example ‘It is probably true to say that social administration as a discipline is grounded upon, and would justify its own activities by, an adherence to the moral principle of respect for persons, and to a belief in the worthwhileness of legislative reform as a means to the promotion of individual and social welfare’ – Warham, J., ‘Social Administration and Sociology’, Journal of Social Policy, 2:3 (1973), 200CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Slack, , Social Administration and the Citizen, p. 40.Google Scholar

⁶² see George, V., Social Security and Society, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1973Google Scholar. This was mentioned on one reading list.

⁶³ see Saville, J., ‘The Welfare State: An Historical Approach’, New Reasoner, 3 (1957–8)Google Scholar. This was mentioned on one reading list. More students would see extracts in Butterworth and Hohnan, op. cit.

⁶⁴ Titmuss, , ‘Time Remembered’, p. 48.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ See Rooff, op. cit.

⁶⁶ see Kuhn, T. S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Phoenix, Chicago, 1962.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ see Briggs, A., Social Thought and Social Action: A Study of the Life of Seebohm Rowntree, Longman, London, 1961.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Rowntree, Seebohm, Poverty: A Study of Town Life, Macmillan, London, 1901Google Scholar and 1902 and Longman, , London, 1922.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Briggs, op. cit. p. 216.

⁷⁰ Marshall, , Social Policy, p. 41.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Robson, op. cit. paperback edition, back cover.

⁷² Social Services Yearbook, Councils and Education Press, London, 1977–1978.Google Scholar

⁷³ Titmuss, R. M., ‘The Welfare Complex in a Changing Society’Google Scholar, in Titmuss, , Commitment to WelfareGoogle Scholar. Here, as elsewhere, Titmuss makes points critical of the social conscience thesis, but they tend not to be followed up. see Sinfield, A., ‘Analyses in the Social Division of Welfare’, Journal of Social Policy, 7:2 (1978), 129–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁴ see Loch, C. S., How to Help Cases of Distress, facsimile edition, Continua, London, 1977.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Note how isolated the essay by R. Boyson, ‘Down with the Poor’, is in Butterworth and Holman, op. cit.

⁷⁶ This is an example given in Marsh, , The Future of the Welfare State, pp. 63–4.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ This is quoted in Wright, C.Mills, , Images of Man, Braziller, New York, 1960, p. 33.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ See Reisman, op. cit.

⁷⁹ Rodgers et al., op. cit. p 240.

⁸⁰ Lord Simey, Foreword to Forder, A. (ed.), penelope Hall's Social Services of Modern England, seventh edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1969.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Titmuss, , Social Policy, p. 58.Google Scholar

⁸² See for example Rodgers et al., op. cit.; Kaim-Caudle, P. R., Comparative Social Policy and Social Security, Martin Robertson, London, 1973Google Scholar; and a later publication, Heidenheimer, A. J., Heclo, H. and Adams, C. J., Comparative Public Policy, Macmillan, London, 1976.Google Scholar

⁸³ Not much of the relevant literature was yet on introductory reading lists. Field, F., Unequal Britain, Arrow, London, 1974Google Scholar, was on three; Bull, D. (ed.), Family Poverty, Duckworth, London, 1972Google Scholar; and Holman, R. (ed.), Socially Deprived Families in Britain, Bedford Square Press, London, 1970Google Scholar, were on two; and Abel-Smith, B. and Townsend, P., The Poor and the Poorest, George Bell and Sons, London, 1972Google Scholar, was on one.

⁸⁴ See for example Titmuss, R. M., ‘Income Distribution and Social Change’; and ‘The Social Division of Welfare’Google Scholar, in Titmuss, , Essays on the Welfare State.Google Scholar