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⁴⁰ A Portuguese account of Aceh describes its coastal territories during the end of the sixteenth century as “tributary regions”. Tiele, , BKI XXIX (1881): 167Google Scholar.

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⁴² Van Leur, , Indonesian Trade, pp. 117–18Google Scholar. The ruler's obligation to act in consultation with his ministers is stressed in the Sejarah Melayu. According to it, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah (1477–88) on his death-bed advised his son and successor, “See to it that you consult with your ministers and chiefs, for no ruler, however great his wisdom and understanding, shall prosper or succeed in doing justice unless he consults with those in authority under him.” Sejarah Melayu, ‘Malay Annals’, trans. Brown, C.C., intro. R. Roolvink (London, 1970), p. 117Google Scholar.

⁴³ For an account of the role of the nobility in trade at Banten see: Van Leur, , Indonesian Trade, pp. 137–38Google Scholar. In the Melaka Sultanate, Sultan Muhammad Syah (1414–23/24) apparently was active in trade while Bendahara Sri Maharaja's participation enhanced his influence and made him a man of wealth. See: Brown, (trans.), Sejarah Melayu, pp. 154–55Google Scholar. The phenomenon was evidently not peculiar to the Malay-Indonesian region. Meilink-Roelofsz notes the participation in trade during the sixteenth century of the Syah of Persia. In fact, commercial participation of the royalty and nobility was known, according to Van Leur, even in ancient Greece and Egypt. Meilink-Roelofsz, , “The Structure of Trade in Asia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries”, Mare Luso-lndicum, L'Ocean Indien, Les Pays Riverains Et Les Relations Internationales, XVI^e–XVIII^e siècles, Société d'Histoire de L'Orient Paris, IV (1980): 8Google Scholar; Van Leur, , Indonesian Trade, pp. 60–61Google Scholar.

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⁵⁷ Reid, , “Trade and the Problem of Royal Power”, p. 50Google Scholar; Iskandar, Teuku, “De Hikayat Atjeh”, VKI XXVI (1958): 46–47Google Scholar. This, presumably, was the same Laksamana mentioned by Beaulieu in Harris, (ed.), Navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca, I, pp. 732, 734, 737Google Scholar.

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⁶⁷ Meilink-Roelofsz, , Asian Trade, pp. 249–52Google Scholar; Leonard-Blussé, , “Western Impact on Chinese Communities in Western Java at the beginning of the 17th century”, Nampo-Bunka: Tenri Bulletin of South Asian Studies, No. 2 (1975): 33Google Scholar. The important role played by rulers and princes in the trade of Banten and their reliance on Chinese and Indian merchants for capital has been stressed by Meilink-Roelofsz.

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