^{page 162 note 1} See Andaya, Barbara Watson, “Perak, the Abode of Grace: A Study of an Eighteenth Century Malay State,” Ph.D. thesis (Cornell University, 1975), 159–160Google Scholar, 175–180, 263–267.

^{page 162 note 2} Netscher, E., “De Nederlanders in Djohor en Siak, 1602 to 1865,” Verhandeling van het Bataviaasch Genootshap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, XXV (1870), 112–136Google Scholar; Cod. Or. 7304, Leiden University Library, foll. 476–486, 501–508.

^{page 162 note 3} Gullick, J. M., Indigenous Political Systems of Western Malaya (London, 1958), pp. 65–94Google Scholar; Kim, Khoo Kay, The Western Malay States, 1850–1873 (Kuala Lumpur and London, 1972), p. 15.Google Scholar

^{page 162 note 4} Khoo, The Western Malay States, p. 15, n. 2, remarks that the case of Sultan Ibrahim of Selangor (1782–1826), who had sixty children, was not unusual.

^{page 162 note 5} Gullick, Indigenous Political Systems, pp. 66–68. It is interesting to note that African kingdoms, which share many features in common with traditional Malay states, dealt much more positively with the problem of limiting the number of royal princes. They could be either killed or expelled, ascribed to their mother's lineage, or, in the case of distant royal lineages, descend in status to commoners. Lloyd, Peter C., “The Political Structure of African Kingdoms; An Exploratory Model,” in Banton, Michael, ed. Political Systems and the Distribution of Power (London, 1965), p. 96.Google Scholar However, in Aceh in the early 17th century the sons of gundik were reportedly put to death or exiled “so that they shall not contend for the crown after the king's death.” Foster, William, ed., The Voyage of Thomas Best (Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, LXXV) (London, 1934), p. 176.Google Scholar

^{page 163 note 6} Compare this with the careful ranking of titles in Java and the sakdina system in Thailand. van den Berg, L.W.C., De Inlandsche Rangen en Titels op Java en Madoera (Batavia, 1887)Google Scholar; Rabibhadana, Akin, The Organisation of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok Period, 1782–1873, Cornell Data Paper 74 (Ithaca, New York, 1969), p. 99.Google Scholar

^{page 163 note 7} Gullick, Indigenous Political Systems, p. 55.

^{page 163 note 8} See Sturrock, A. J. and Winstedt, R. O., eds., Hikayat Awang Sulong Merah Muda (Singapore, 1907), pp. 50–51Google Scholar; Winstedt, R. O., ed. Hikayat Anggun Che Tunggal (Singapore, 1914), pp. 20–21Google Scholar; Winstedt, R.O., Hikayat Raja Muda (Singapore, 1914), p. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 163 note 9} Musa Lubis, Abdullah Hj., ed., Kesah Raja Marong Mahawangsa (Kuala Lumpur, 1965), p. 88Google Scholar; Winstedt, R.O., “Hikayat Puspa Wiraja,” JSBRAS, 83 (April, 1921), 97Google Scholar; see also the adventures of Raja Donan in the text of the same name, edited by Khalid, Zahariah (Kuala Lumpur, 1963), and below, n. 44.Google Scholar

^{page 163 note 10} Mubin Sheppard, Datuk Haji, “Baginda Omar, ‘The Conqueror’,” Malaysia in History, XII (October 1968), 35. See below, n. 23.Google Scholar

^{page 164 note 11} Cholan, Raja, Misa Melayu (Kuala Lumpur, 1968), pp. 46–47.Google Scholar

^{page 164 note 12} A short description of this text, Leiden Cod. Or. 7304, can be found in Andaya, Leonard Y., “Raja Kecil and the Minangkabau Conquest of Johor in 1718,” JMBRAS, XLV, 2 (1972), 53Google Scholar, n. 6. Dr. R.O. Roolvink is currently working on a critical edition.

^{page 164 note 13} Brown, C.C., “Malay Annals,” JMBRAS, XXVI, 2 and 3 (1952), 160–161.Google Scholar

^{page 164 note 14} Ahmad, Kassim, ed., Hikayat Hang Tuah (Kuala Lumpur, 1971), p. 296.Google Scholar

^{page 164 note 15} Brown, “Malay Annals,” 169.

^{page 164 note 16} Ahmad, Kassim, ed. Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah (Kuala Lumpur, 1960), pp. 38, 57.Google Scholar

^{page 164 note 17} Clifford, Hugh, “Expedition to Trengganu and Kelantan,” JMBRAS, XXIV, 1 (May, 1961), 70, 86.Google Scholar

^{page 164 note 18} Andaya, Leonard Y., The Kingdom of Johor, 1641–1728 (Kuala Lumpur and London, 1974), pp. 42–43Google Scholar; B. Andaya, “Perak, The Abode of Grace,” 44–55.

^{page 164 note 19} Compare the position of the waris negeri in eighteenth century Perak with the anak raja in Selangor a century later. B. Andaya, “Perak, the Abode of Grace,” 55–56; Khoo, The Western Malay States, p. 26. The situation in Selangor, however, was exceptional.

^{page 165 note 20} KA (Koloniaal Archief) 2954, OB (Overgekomen Brieven) 1763, Report by Everard Cramer on his mission to Perak, 12 June 1761; KA 3166, OB 1770, Report by Antony Werndly on his mission to Perak, 17 September 1768.

^{page 165 note 21} Wilkinson, R.J., Papers on Malay Subjects: Literature (Kuala Lumpur, 1907), p. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 165 note 22} Archives of the Dept. of Internal Affairs, The Hague: V.31 May 1911, T¹³, Res. de Bruyn Kops to Gov.-Gen., 14 May 1911.

^{page 165 note 23} Interview, Cik Gu' Ahmad Manjang, Kota Lama Kiri, 31 July 1972. Cik Gu' Ahmad is a keen amateur historian, and is at present completing a full-length study of Daeng Selili, from whom he traces his descent.

^{page 165 note 24} B. Andaya, “Perak, the Abode of Grace,” 629.

^{page 166 note 25} Mubin Sheppard, “Baginda Omar,” 35.

^{page 166 note 26} Cod. Or. 7304, foll. 501–502.

^{page 166 note 27} For a discussion of the pelanduk or kancil stories, and some speculations as to the role of the trickster in Malay and Indonesian society, see McKean, Philip Frick, “The Mousedeer (Kantjil) in Malayo-Indonesian Folklore: Alternative Analyses and the Significance of a Trickster Figure in Southeast Asia,” Asian Folklore Studies, XXX, I (1971), 71–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 166 note 28} Khoo, The Western Malay States, p. 38.

^{page 166 note 29} Archives of the Dept. of Internal Affairs, The Hague: Mailreport 1405, Memorie van Overgave by G.F. de Bruyn Kops, 3 March 1914, p. 216.

^{page 166 note 30} Brown, C.C., Malay Sayings (Singapore, 1951), p. 29.Google Scholar

^{page 166 note 31} B. Andaya, “Perak, The Abode of Grace,” 390–391.

^{page 166 note 32} KA 3045, OB 1765, Res. B. Meyer of Pulau Gontong to Gov. Boelen, 20 July 1764; Leiden Cod. Or. 7304, foll. 508–509.

^{page 167 note 33} KA 3474, OB 1781, Res. B. Meyer of Perak to Gov. de Bruyn, 18 Dec. 1779.

^{page 167 note 34} See below n. 121.

^{page 167 note 35} KA 2462, OB 1744, Gov. de Laver of Melaka to Batavia, 12 Feb. 1743, fo. 107. Later governors made similar accusations about the ruler of Terengganu, Sultan Mansur Syah, and Raja Muhammad of Siak. See KA 2916, OB 1762, Gov. Boelen to Batavia, 4 Sept. 1761, fo. 48 and Netscher, “De Nederlanders,” 99.

^{page 167 note 36} KA 3306, OB 1775, Daeng Kemboja to Gov. Crans of Melaka, 18 Oct. 1773. See also the comments by Raffles on royal piracy: Raffles, Lady Sophia, Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Thomas Stamford Raffles (London, 1830), p. 46.Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 37} B. Andaya, “Perak, the Abode of Grace,” 390–393.

^{page 169 note 38} Ibid., p. 392.

^{page 169 note 39} Ibid., p. 402; Stapel, F.W., Corpus Diplomaticum Neerlandico Indicum, IV (The Hague, 1955), pp. 255–258.Google Scholar

^{page 169 note *} Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie.

^{page 169 note 40} KA 3310, Secret, G. L. Velge's Report on his mission to Riau, in Gov. Crans to Batavia, 31 Jan. 1774, fo. 72.

^{page 169 note 41} Hill, A. H., ed., Hikayat Abdullah (Kuala Lumpur and London, 1970), p. 193.Google Scholar

^{page 169 note 42} Brown, “Malay Annals,” 193.

^{page 169 note 43} See above, n. 1.

^{page 170 note 44} Haji, Raja Ali, Tuhfat al-Nafis (Singapore, 1965), p. 106Google Scholar; Netscher, “De Nederlanders,” 76–77. Siantan is one of the Anambas Islands in the South China Sea.

^{page 170 note 45} Muhammad Hassan bin Arshad, Datuk Kerani, Al-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah (Kuala Lumpur, 1968), pp. 86–89.Google Scholar This attack is possibly that mentioned by Batavia in December 1684. News had been received that the Makassarese of Billiton under a Bugis, Haji Besar, and one Daeng Tollolo, had attacked Kedah with a large fleet. The invaders had “done so well' in Kedah that they had not returned. A number of people on the Kedah side had been killed. Netscher, “De Nederlanders,” 57; Coolhaas, W.Ph., Generate Missiven van Govemeurs-Generaal en Raden aan Her en XVII der Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (The Hague, 1971) IV, 552.Google Scholar

^{page 170 note 46} KA 3014 OB 1765, 2nd Reg. Gov. Boelen to Batavia, 15 Nov, 1764, fo. 10; Rentse, A., “History of Kelantan,” JMBRAS, XII, 2 (1934), 53Google Scholar; Leiden Cod. Or. 7304, foll. 503–504.

^{page 170 note 47} Horsfield, Thomas, “Report on the Island of Bangka,” Journal of the Indian Archipelago, (1848), II, 305–306.Google Scholar Translated, with additional notes, by Veth, P.J., “Geschiedenis van het Eiland Bangka,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie (1850), I, 3,201.Google Scholar

^{page 171 note 48} For example, the Syair Kumbang Mengindera, which deals with the amours of a bumble bee, is attributed to Raja Safiah, daughter of the famous Raja Ali Haji. It has been suggested that this and similar works produced at the Riau court may concern real incidents and real people, albeit described in allegorical terms. Raja Hassan, one of Raja Ali's sons, wrote a Syair Burung, an imitation of a Persian poem called The Bird Discussion, dating from the thirteenth century. It describes the thoughts of a group of birds who had ignored Islamic tenets and wished to clarify their religious duties before approaching akhirat. (Klinkert 190 and 171, Leiden University Library). The Klinkert collection also contains a number of other works produced by the Yamtuan Muda family on Pulau Penyengat, Riau. See Overbeck, H., “Malay Animal and Flower Shaers,” JMBRAS, XII, 3 (Aug. 1934), 108–148Google Scholar and von Ronkel, Ph.S., Supplement Catalogus der Maleische en Minangkabausche Handschriften in de Leidse Universiteits Bibliotheek (Leiden, 1921).Google Scholar

^{page 171 note 49} Khoo, The Western Malay States, pp. 39, 72–74.

^{page 171 note 50} Raja Cholan, Misa Melayu, pp. 55–56,71–72. A contrasting situation is found in Thailand in the Ayudhya period, when princes reigned over towns almost as independent kings. During the Bangkok period their power was reduced, and in Mongkut's reign (1851–1868) officials were even told to take care that the princes “did not misbehave.” Rabibhadana, The Organisation of Thai Society, pp. 55–57, 26, 66.

^{page 171 note 51} Andaya, The Kingdom of Johor, pp. 109–112, 116–122.

^{page 171 note 52} According to William Marsden the Malays made frequent allusions to the feats and achievements of the Bugis in their stories and songs. “Their reputation for courage, which certainly surpasses that of all other people in the Eastern Seas, acquires them this flattering distinction.” History of Sumatra (London, 1811, Oxford Reprint, 1966), p. 209.Google Scholar

^{page 173 note 53} Andaya, The Kingdom ofJohor, pp. 120–121.

^{page 173 note 54} Mohammad Hassan, Salasilah Negeri Kedah. The author of this interesting text was born about 1868 and became Ketua Istana in Kedah, dying in 1942. In 1926 he was ordered by the Regent, Tengku Ibrahim, to write a history of Kedah. The original of this text is in the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka in Kuala Lumpur, although a romanised version was published in 1928 and has since been reprinted.

^{page 173 note 55} Ibid., pp. 86–89.

^{page 173 note 56} Dagh Register Gehouden int Casteel Batavia, van't Passerende Jaer ter Plaetse als over Geheel Nederlandse Indië, 1624–1682 (Batavia, The Hague, 1887 etc), 1684, II, pp. 68, 936.Google Scholar

^{page 173 note 57} Andaya, The Kingdom ofJohor, pp. 229–231, 301–305.

^{page 173 note 58} KA 2885, OB 1761, Res. Meyer of Perak to Gov. Boelen, 3 Jan. 1760. Raja Alam was a son of the famous Raja Kecil. See Netscher, “De Nederlanders,” 75–76.

^{page 173 note 59} See Appendices A, B and C in Bastin, John, “Problems of Personality in the Reinterpretation of Modern Malay History,” in Bastin, John and Roolvink, R., eds., Malayan and Indonesian Studies; Essays Presented to Sir Richard Winstedt on his Eighty-Fifth Birthday (London, 1964).Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 60} KA 3075, OB 1767, Res. Wiederholt of Perak to Gov. Schippers of Melaka, 13 May 1765, 3 April 1765; Cramer's Report, 4 Sept. 1765.

^{page 174 note 61} Ibid., Wiederholt to Schippers, 13 May 1765; Cramer's Report, 4 September 1765. Sultan Iskandar of Perak was said to be maintaining Raja Nambang in order to have some hold over Sultan Muhammad, with whom he had been at odds for several years.

^{page 174 note 62} Straits Settlements Records (SSR), G34/2, Light to Cornwallis, 12 Sept. 1786 (Fort William Council Papers, 13 Dec. 1786), fo. 161.

^{page 174 note 63} British Museum, Add. Ms. 29133, Light to Hastings, 17 Jan. 1770 fo. 9. Sultan Muhammad refers to his son as Sultan Muda in a letter to the Raja Muda of Perak. KA 3196, OB 1771, King of Kedah to Raja Muda of Perak, 25 Sya'aban (Oct. 1769). The Hikayat Negeri Johor also calls him Abdullah., SultanWinstedt, R.O., “Hikayat Negeri Johor,” JMBRAS, X, 1 (1932), 19Google Scholar, line 17. In 1824 John Anderson was told by the people of Kedah that Sultan Abdullah was not the “natural son” of Sultan Muhammad, although he himself considered that Light's account was probably true. Anderson, John, Political and Commercial Considerations Relative to the Malayan Peninsula and the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca (Prince of Wales Island, 1824), p. 154.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 64} Mohammad Hassan, Salasilah Negeri Kedah, pp. 121–122. Another author mentions these two brothers, but calls Tengku Anjang “Tengku Panjang.” Dutch sources do not mention either name, but make frequent reference to a Tengku Mangku Putera, as does the Tuhfat al-Nafis. It is possible that these two names refer to one and the same person, since Tengku Anjang was Raja Laut, or Lord of the Sea, and a letter from the Kedah Laksamana to the Melaka Governor suggests that Tengku Mangku Putera supervised shipping. KA 3137, Secret Datuk Laksamana of Kedah to Schippers, 31 March 1765. Wan Yahya bin Taib, Mohammad, Salasilah atau Tarekh Keraja-an Kedah (Penang, 1911), p. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 65} Mohammad Hassan, Salasilah Negeri Kedah, pp. 125–126. According to English sources, Tengku Dhiauddin was “the issue of another slave.” SSR G34/2, Light to Cornwallis, 12 Sept. 1786 (FWCP 13 Dec. 1786), fo. 161.

^{page 175 note 66} Mohammad Hassan, Salasilah Negeri Kedah, p. 127.

^{page 175 note 67} Limbong was situated near modern-day Langgar. Ibid., pp. 93,126; Wan Yahya, Tarekh Keraja-an Kedah, p. 5; B.M. Add. Ms. 29133, foll. 9–9v.

^{page 175 note 68} KA 3049, Secret, Schippers to Batavia, 13 Oct. 1765; Sumatra Factory Records (SFR), G35/15, Monckton to de Pre, 22 April 1772 (Fort Saint George Council Papers, 25 June 1772), fo. 83.

^{page 175 note 69} Hikayat Negeri Johor, p. 19, line 4.

^{page 175 note 70} KA 3137, OB 1769, Res. de Wind of Perak to Schippers, 4 Feb. 1767.

^{page 176 note 71} Hikayat Negri Johor, p. 19; Raja AH Haji, Tuhfat al-Nafis, p. 160. The latter makes the occasion even more memorable by adding that Sultan Muhammad Jiwa himself accompanied his son to Selangor, staying there for three months before returning to Kedah.

^{page 176 note 72} KA 3137, OB 1769, de Wind to Schippers, 23 April 1767 and KA 3166, OB 1770, Werndly's Report, 17 Sept. 1768.

^{page 176 note 73} Raja Cholan, Misa Melayu, p. 188.

^{page 176 note 74} Hikayat Negri Johor, p. 19, lines 31–32; Raja Ali Haji, Tuhfat al-Nafis, pp. 160–161. The latter makes the crime even more heinous, for Tengku Abdullah is said to have gone bacto Kedah a third time.

^{page 176 note 75} Ibid. Kedah sources make no mention of this wedding, and in a recent study Rollins Bonney has concluded that no such union took place. It must be emphasised, however, that the information supplied by Francis Light and Edward Monckton, was essentially what they had been told by Sultan Muhammad and his son Tengku Abdullah.' It was only natural that the latter should present themselves as the injured party, making only oblique references to the relationship which had previously existed between Selangor and Kedah, and indeed claiming that the wedding had never occurred at all. When Light wrote to Hastings in January 1772, he informed the Governor that Sultan Muhammad had betrothed his son to the daughter of the ruler of Selangor, but on Tengku Abdullah's arrival there he had found “the Selangorese had given her to another husband. He then married the daughter of the Laksamana.” Certainly the former marriage did take place, but this was some time after the break with Selangor and the invasion took place after the annulment, i.e. when the alliance was no longer valid. The English, on the other hand, were given to believe that Kedah had been invaded by Selangor “at a time when they were in the strictest bond of friendship with the Raja of Kedah” and the Bugis attack was therefore seen as “infamous treachery.” Bonney, R., Kedah 1771–1821: the Search for Security and Independence (Kuala Lumpur and London, 1971), p. 29Google Scholar, n. 12; B.M. Add. Ms. 29133, Light to Hastings, 17 Jan. 1772, foll. 9–9v; SFR G35/15, Monckton to du Pre, 22 April 1772 (FSGCP 25 June 1772), fo. 96.

^{page 176 note 76} KA 3619, Secret, Schippers to Batavia, 16 March 1769, fo. 289. See also Raja Ali Haji, Tuhfat al-Nafis, p. 158 and Hikayat Negri Johor, p. 22, lines 1–2. The former text confuses the chronology by placing this marriage before the Kedah-Selangor alliance.

^{page 177 note 77} If Monckton's calculations are correct, in 1767 Tengku Abdullah was 17 and Tengku Dhiauddin 13 years old. In April 1772 he estimated that they were 22 and 18 years old respectively. SFR G35/15, Monckton to du Pre, 22 April 1772 (FSGCP 25 June 1772), fo. 83.

^{page 177 note 78} KA 3137, OB 1769, de Wind to Schippers, 21 Dec. 1767. Tjou or Cau is a Kedah honorific adapted from Thai.

^{page 177 note 79} Bonney, Kedah, pp. 23–26. Even in 1765, Sultan Muhammad believed that after the Burmese had attacked Ligor and Ujung Salang they would invade Kedah. KA 3049, Secret, Schippers to Batavia, 13 Oct. 1765, fo. 70.

^{page 177 note 80} Bonney, Kedah, p. 25; Vella, W.F., Siam under Raja III (New York, 1957), p. 59Google Scholar, Wenk, K., The Restoration of Thailand under Rama I, 1782–1809 (Tucson, 1968), p. 100Google Scholar; SSR G34/2, Light to Cornwallis, 12 Sept. 1786 (FWCP 13 Dec. 1786), fo. 172.

^{page 177 note 81} Wood, W.A.R., A History of Siam (Bangkok, 1924), pp. 251–258.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 82} Ligor had declared its independence under the Governor, who now had the title of King Musika. Wood, A History of Siam, p. 254. KA 3137, OB 1769, Schippers to Batavia, 28 March 1768, fo. 30; KA 3166, OB 1770, King of Kedah to Schippers, 15 Feb. 1768.

^{page 177 note 83} SFR G35/15, Monckton to du Pre, 22 April 1772 (FSGCP 25 June 1772), foll. 82–83; KA 3256, Secret, Schippers to Batavia, 15 Feb. 1772, fo. 2.

^{page 177 note 84} The English were willing to join in the attack because of the murder of a compatriot in Kedah the previous year. There were also other Europeans, mainly deserters and adventurers, “and others whose names are marked on their bare arms.” They lived on a hill at the mouth of the Selangor River, where 100 cannon had been placed, and were paid 5 reals a month wages. KA 3619, Secret, Schippers to Batavia, 16 March 1769, Encik Hussain's Report, 9 March 1769, foll. 288–289.

^{page 178 note 85} Ibid., fo. 289.

^{page 178 note 86} KA 3196, OB 1771, de Wind to Schippers, 7 July 1769; KA 3199, Secret, Schippers to Batavia, 31 Jan. 1770.

^{page 178 note 87} Bonney, Kedah, pp. 26–31, 34.

^{page 178 note 88} Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis (Baharu, Johor, 1956), p. 52Google Scholar; Raja Ali Haji, Tuhfat al-Nafis, p. 64–65, 170–171.

^{page 178 note 89} Andaya, The Kingdom of Johor, p. 231. The Bugis in their own country did not regard debts lightly. In 1670, for example, 500 people were taken from the kingdom of Wajo' by the leader of Soppeng, a neighbouring state. Seventy years later Wajo' asked for the debt to be repaid and protested when Soppeng only returned 300 people. I am indebted to Leonard Andaya for this reference which comes from MS. 3 in the collection of the Yayasan Kebudayaan Sulawesi Selatan in Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi.

^{page 178 note 90} Bonney, Kedah, p. 31.

^{page 178 note 91} Raja Ali Haji, Tuhfat al-Nafis, pp. 160–161. See above, notes 81, 82, 83.

^{page 178 note 92} KA 3226, OB 1772, de Wind to Schippers, 9 Oct. 1770.

^{page 179 note 93} Muhammad Hassan, Salasilah Negeri Kedah, p. 127; Wan Yahya, Tarekh Keraja-an Kedah, p. 5.

^{page 179 note 94} Wan Yahya, Tarekh Keraja-an Kedah, p. 5.

^{page 179 note 95} B.M. Add. Ms. 29133, fo. 9v.

^{page 179 note 96} Raja AH Haji, Tuhfat al-Nqfis, p. 174.

^{page 179 note 97} B.M. Add. Ms. 29133, fo. 9v. Sultan Muhammad continued to live in Perlis after “the troubles.” SFR G35/15, Monckton to du Pre, 22 April 1772, (FSGCP 25 June 1772), fo. 77.

^{page 179 note 98} KA 3278, OB 1774, Res. Hensel of Perak to Schippers, 15 April 1772.

^{page 179 note 99} KA 330, OB 1775, Melaka Resolutions, Instructions to Antony Werndly, 15 Nov. 1773, fo. 408.

^{page 179 note 100} Raja Ali Haji, Tuhfat al-Nafis, pp. 171–174.

^{page 179 note 101} KA 3252, OB 1773, de Wind to Schippers, 1 Feb. 1771; SFR G35/15, Monckton to du Pre, 22 April 1772 (FSGCP 25 June 1772), fo. 97.

^{page 179 note 102} KA 3229, Secret, Schippers to Batavia, 11 Feb. 1771, fo. 10; B. Andaya, “Perak, the Abode of Grace,” 457–467.

^{page 179 note 103} Wan Yahya, Tarekh Keraja-an Kedah, p. 5; see also SSR G34/2, Light to Cornwallis, 12 Sept. 1786 (FWCP 13 Dec. 1786), fo. 161; SFR G35/15, Monckton to du Pre, 22 April 1772 (FSGCP 25 June 1772), foll. 82–83.

^{page 180 note 104} KA 3252, OB 1773, de Wind to Schippers, 27 March 1771, 5 Sept. 1771; B.M. Add. Ms. 29133, fo. 9v; SSR G34/2, Light to Cornwallis, 12 Sept. 1786 (FWCP 13 Dec. 1786), fo. 161.

^{page 180 note 105} Raja Ali Haji, Tuhfat al-Nafis, p. 175; Hikayat Negri Johor, p. 23, lines 4–19.

^{page 180 note 106} KA 3252, OB 1773, de Wind to Schippers, 10 June 1771, Hensel to Schippers, 15 April 1772.

^{page 180 note 107} B. Andaya, “Perak, the Abode of Grace,” 471, 467.

^{page 180 note 108} See Bonney, Kedah, pp. 32–45 for a discussion of Sultan Muhammad's negotiations with the English.

^{page 180 note 109} KA 3306, OB 1775, Werndly to Crans, 22 Dec. 1774; KA 3491, OB 1782, Meyer to Gov. de Bruyn, 17 April 1780.

^{page 180 note 110} KA 3335, OB 1776, Crans to Raja of Selangor, 4 May 1774.

^{page 181 note 111} KA 3306, OB 1775, Hensel to Crans, 6 July 1773; Tengku Long Putera to Crans, Received at Melaka, 21 June 1773. It is not clear which Patani chief would have supported the Kedah anak raja, but it was probably a chief of one of the districts such as Reman, which bordered on both Kedah and Perak. For a discussion of the Perak-VOC contract, see B. Andaya, “Perak, the Abode of Grace,” 125–128.

^{page 181 note 112} Ibid. and Instructions to Werndly, Melaka Resolutions, 15 Nov. 1773, fo. 408.

^{page 181 note 113} Sultan Alauddin Mansur Syah Iskandar Muda, 1773–1792.

^{page 181 note 114} KA 3335, OB 1776, Hensel to Crans, 20 May 1774.

^{page 181 note 115} Ibid., and 16 Oct. 1774.

^{page 181 note 116} KA 3359, OB 1777, Hensel to Crans, 7 June 1775.

^{page 182 note 117} B. Andaya, “Perak, the Abode of Grace,” 515–516. Tengku Abdullah, commonly known as Tengku 'Lah, was one of the most notorious adventurers in the Malay world at this time, a typical example of the displaced anak raja who abounded as a result of polygamous marriages and dynastic disputes. The son of Sultan Muhammad Syah ibni Raja Kecil and the daughter of a Siak official, Tengku 'Lah had followed his half-brother Raja Ismail, claimant to the Siak throne, in many of his undertakings. See, for example, Cod. Or. 7304, foll. 453, 481–490, 502–509; KA 3446, OB 1780, Meyer to de Bruyn, 9 Dec. 1778.

^{page 182 note 118} KA 3446, OB 1780, Meyer to de Bruyn, 21 July 1779.

^{page 182 note 119} Ibid., SFR G35/15, Monckton to du Pre, 22 April 1772 (FSGCP 25 June 1772), fo. 83.

^{page 182 note 120} KA 3446, OB 1780, Meyer to de Bruyn, 9 Dec. 1778, 15 Jan. 1779; KA 3474, OB 1781, Meyer to de Bruyn, 9 Oct. 1779.

^{page 182 note 121} KA 3474, OB 1781, Meyer to de Bruyn, 9 Oct. 1779; KA 3491, OB 1782, Meyer to de Bruyn, 3 March 1780, 17 April 1780.

^{page 182 note 122} KA 3491, OB 1782, Meyer to de Bruyn, 17 April 1780.

^{page 182 note 123} B. Andaya, “Perak, the Abode of Grace,” 508–511, 529.

^{page 182 note 124} KA 3474, OB 1781, Meyer to be Bruyn, 9 Oct. 1779; KA 3491, OB 1782, Meyer to de Bruyn, 3 March 1780, 17 March 1780, 26 July 1780.

^{page 182 note 125} Ibid., 10 June 1780. Resident Meyer opposed the choice of Beruas because he felt that the river could be dredged out to become another haven for pirates and smugglers.

^{page 183 note 126} Ibid.

^{page 183 note 127} Ibid., 26 July 1780.

^{page 183 note 128} Ibid., 13 Sept., 1780.

^{page 183 note 129} Ibid. and 14 Nov. 1780.

^{page 183 note 130} Ibid., 14 Nov. 1780.

^{page 183 note 131} Ibid., 30 Dec. 1780.

^{page 183 note 132} Ibid.

^{page 184 note 133} Sungai Jeram is between Selangor and Kelang. Anderson describes it as “a shallow, narrow river” with great quantities of coconuts. Political Considerations, p. 197.

^{page 184 note 134} KA 3491, OB 1782, Meyer to de Bruyn, 18 Jan. 1781.

^{page 184 note 135} Ibid., 22 Feb. 1781, 20 March 1781.

^{page 184 note 136} Bonney, Kedah, p. 54

^{page 184 note 137} Muhammad Hassan, Salasilah Negeri Kedah, pp. 127–128.

^{page 184 note 138} KA 3491, OB 1782, Meyer to de Bruyn, 7 July 1781.

^{page 184 note 139} Ibid., 11 Aug. 1781.

^{page 184 note 140} SSR G34/1, Light to Cornwallis, 12 Sept. 1786 (FWCP 13 Dec. 1786), fo. 162. Nearly forty years later Anderson was told that after the invasion of 1770–71 “the old king was so much enraged” that he forbade the rebellious princes ever returning to Kedah. They went to Selangor, where they eventually died. Anderson, Political Considerations, p. 153.

^{page 185 note 141} Ricklefs, M.C., Jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubmi, 1749–1792 (London and Kuala Lumpur, 1974), pp. 99–101.Google Scholar

^{page 185 note 142} Andaya, The Kingdom of Johor, pp. 258–261.

^{page 185 note 143} Ibid., pp. 119–121, 229. For a discussion of the place of the ana' karaeng, or raja's children, in Bugis and Makassarese society see Barbara Sillars Harvey, “Tradition, Islam and Rebellion: South Sulawesi, 1950–1965,” Ph.D. thesis (Cornell University, 1974), 26–31; and also Leonard Y. Andaya, “Kingship and Adat Rivalry in Bugis Makassar Society of South Sulawesi,” Paper presented to the First Asian Studies Association of Australia Conference, Melbourne, May 1976.

^{page 185 note 144} Ricklefs, Jogjakarta, pp. 100, 226, 260.

^{page 185 note 145} For a discussion of derhaka, see Andaya, The Kingdom of Johor, p. 49 and also Andaya, Barbara Watson, “The Nature of the State in Eighteenth Century Perak,” in A. Reid and L. Castles, eds., Pre-Colonial State Systems in Southeast Asia (JMBRAS Monograph No. 6, 1975), pp. 22–23.Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 146} Gullick, Indigenous Political Systems, pp. 44–62.

^{page 186 note 147} As with the Laksamana and Syahbandar, the supporters of Raja 'Alim in eighteenth century Perak. B. Andaya, “Perak, the Abode of Grace,” 190–195.

^{page 186 note 148} Fox, James J., “A Rotinese Dynastic Genealogy: Structure and Event,” in The Translation of Culture: Essays to E.E. Evans Pritchard, ed. Beidelman, T.O. (London, 1971), pp. 44–45Google Scholar, 68; B. Andaya, “The Nature of the State in Perak,” pp. 24–25.

^{page 186 note 149} It is useful to compare the situation of Malay and Indonesian princes with their counterparts in various African kingdoms. The parallels are frequently striking. See, for example, Fortes, M. and Pritchard, E.E. Evans, African Political Systems (Oxford, 1940), pp. 35Google Scholar, 43, 93, 158; “The Political Structure of African Kingdoms”, pp. 65, 69, 76–80, 93–106.