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A mythographical journey to modernity: The textual and symbolic transformations of the Hùng Kings founding myths

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2013

Abstract

This paper analyses the textual-mythographical transformation of Viet origin myths from their transcription in the distant past through their exploitation for political purposes in the 1950s by scholarly elites. It attempts to demonstrate that, as early as the fifteenth century, stories about the Hùng Kings were deliberately collected and codified by members of the Việt elite, who sought to exploit their potential as catalysts of identify-formation and unification under the leadership of the imperial state. However, as a result of the confluence of two currents, that of the monarchical state's mythographical construction and that of popular, village-based, animistic worship, the Hùng Kings came to be venerated as ancestral founders of the Việt quốc in temples throughout the Red River Delta and beyond. During the French colonial and early national periods, the codified myths were the object of severe criticism and strident defence by both French and Viet scholars.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 2013

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References

1 ‘Southern’ was often used by pre-modern Việt authors to refer to their land in contrast to that of their ‘Northern’ neighbour, China.

2 This paper uses translations in quốc ngữ of works that were composed in Sino–Vietnamese or Nôm and translated by contemporary scholars of Vietnam.

3 Birrell, Anne, Chinese mythology: An introduction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 113Google Scholar. The expression ‘ornithomorphous hierogamy’ has been applied by Birrell to refer to the ‘sacred marriage’ between divine, mythical bird-origin/shaped ‘founders of the Shang and Ch'in people’ that may or may not result in a sacred egg from which emerged the ancestors of the Chinese.

4 Recently, the Hùng Kings Epic inspired a parallel project by Liam Kelley, who views this phenomenon from the perspective of Chinese sources. Tạ Chí Đại Trường and Keith Taylor contribute to the debate. Kelley, Liam C., ‘The biography of the Hồng Bàng clan as a medieval Vietnamese invented tradition’, Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 7, 2 (2012): 87130CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Henry, Eric, ‘Chinese and indigenous influences in Vietnamese verse romances of the 19th Century’, Crossroads, 15, 2 (2001): 140Google Scholar. Henry analyses the Hùng Kings Epic from a literary and gender angle, noting that even though ‘some tales have at least a functional resemblance to tales of Chinese culture heroes . . . or of the supernatural . . . yet the Vietnamese tales also show striking and consistent differences’. Ibid., p. 6.

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15 In the village of Hỷ Cương, Phong Châu district, Phú Thọ province, there is an ancient Hùng Kings temple complex on Nghĩa Lĩnh Mountain (a.k.a. Hùng Mountain), which includes a Lower Temple dedicated to the worship of Lady Âu Cơ and the Hùng Kings' daughters; a Middle Temple to that of the Hùng Kings-related figures and Lac nobility; and an Upper Temple to that of the Hùng Kings and their struggle against invaders (Truyện Đổng Thiên Vương). , Lê Trung et al. , Lễ hội Việt Nam [Vietnamese Festivals] (Hanoi: Văn Hóa và Thông Tin, 2005), pp. 328–9Google Scholar; Đỗ Trọng Huề, ‘Đi Tìm Dấu Vết Hùng Vương’ [In search of Hung Kings' traces], Phủ Thủ Tướng Chính Phủ Việt Nam Cộng Hòa [Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam], File 29277, dated 18/04/1964, VTX 4788: 14. Vietnam National Archives II, Ho Chi Minh City.

16 Hùng is a word common to Southeast Asian ethnic groups and indicates a leader, a chief, or clan head noted for bravery. Phan, ‘Chứng tích văn hóa’, p. 44; Vietnamese historians theorise that ‘Hùng Vương’ was a title given to the tribal leader of the Văn Lang tribe, one of the most powerful tribes in the Red River Delta. , Phan Huy et al. , ed., Lịch Sử Việt Nam: Thời Kỳ Nguyên Thủy Đến Thế Kỷ X [History of Vietnam: From prehistory to 10th c.] (Hanoi: Đại Học và Trung Học Chuyên Nghiệp, 1985), vol. I, pp. 104–5Google Scholar. Tạ Chí Đại Trường hypothesised , that Hùng was the name given to the ruler of the native population in the colony of Giao Châu, whereas ‘Lạc’ referred to an ethnic group. Trường, Tạ Chí Đại, Thần, ngườì và đất Việt [Spirits, humans, and Viet land] (Kệ Sách eBook Publishing Center: Smashwords ed., 2011), p. 72Google Scholar. Others argue that ‘Lạc’ connotes a bird similar to a crane or goose, a motif found on the Đông Sơn bronze drums and pediform axes. Anh, Đào Duy, Cổ sử Việt Nam [Vietnamese ancient history] (Hanoi: Tập San Đại Học Sư Phạm, 1956), p. 53Google Scholar.

17 Văn Lang appears to be the transliteration via Chinese characters of an ancient Austro-asiatic word, Vlang or Blang, which designates a large wading bird, possibly a totemic animal worshipped by the Hùng kings. The name of Hồng in Hồng Bàng also refers to a wading bird. Long, Nguyễn Phúc, Les nouvelles recherches archéologiques au Vietnam (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1975), pp. 1718Google Scholar.

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20 LNCQ 1961, pp. 70–74. See Papin, Philippe, Histoire de Hanoi (Paris: Fayard, 2001), pp. 1925Google Scholar. Papin provides an anthropological layer to the Hùng Kings Epic, tying together natural elements and belief systems.

21 Sima and Watson, Records of the grand historian, vol. II, p. 208.

22 Việt Sử lược, trans. and ed. Vượng, Trần Quốc (Hanoi: Thuận Hóa, 2005), p. 20Google Scholar; Ngô and Viện, TT, vol. I, p. 141.

23 Lê Oc Mach, ‘Vietnamese mythology’, in Asian mythologies, comp. by Bonnefoy, p. 221.

25 Tạ, Thần, người, và đất Việt, p. 72. Emphasis in the original.

26 Although Trần Thế Pháp's authorship has been questioned, he is mentioned in pre-modern texts such as Lê Quý Đôn's Kiến văn tiểu lục [A small record of things seen and heard], which described him as a scholar of the late fourteenth century c. Trần dynasty and a native of Hà Tây province. Gaspardone, Emile, ‘Légendes, confucéisme, bouddhisme, traités divers’, Bulletin de l'Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient (BEFEO), IV (1934): 128–9Google Scholar; http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/befeo_0336-1519_1934_num_34_1_4964 (last accessed 15 Feb. 2013); Khánh, Ðinh Gia and San, Nguyễn Ngọc, ‘Lời Giới Thiệu’, in LNCQ 2011, pp. 910Google Scholar. However, his name was not mentioned in the prefaces written by LNCQ's 1492–93 editor-contributors, Vũ Quỳnh and Kiều Phú.

27 LNCQ 2011, pp. 9–10. The translation from Sino-Vietnamese into quốc ngữ used here is derived from the version (A33) dated 1695, comprising twenty-two tales compiled and edited in chronological order by Trần Thế Pháp, Vũ Quỳnh, and Kiều Phú.

28 Quỳnh, , ‘Tựa Liệt Truyện Lĩnh Nam Chích Quáí’ [Title of the Compendium of wondrous tales gathered from Linh Nam], in LNCQ 1961, p. 38Google Scholar.

29 Ibid., 37.

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31 Phú, Kiều, “Hậu Tự,” in Tác phẩm được tặng giải thưởng Hồ Chí Minh: Tìm hiểu kho sách Hán Nôm [Works awarded the Ho Chi Minh Prize: Understanding the treasury of Han-Nom works] (Hanoi: Khoa Học Xã Hội, 2003), p. 1113Google Scholar.

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36 Based on a poem by Phạm Sư Mạnh, Wolters speculates that ‘Van-lang, originally an obscure toponym in two early Chinese records about northwestern Vietnam, is seized on as a nostalgic metaphor for what was assumed to be a traditionally disciplined Vietnamese society.’ Wolters, O.W., ‘On telling a story of Vietnam in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 26, 1 (1995): 7071CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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39 , Phan Huy, ‘Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư: Tác giả, văn bản, tác phẩm’ [The Complete historical records of Great Viet: authorships, documents, and works], in TT, ed. Ngô and Viện, vol. I, p. 19Google Scholar.

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41 Việt sử lược, p. 18.

42 Ibid., pp. 9–10.

43 Gaspardone, Bibliographie annamite, p. 50.

44 Ungar, Esta S., ‘From myth to history: Imagined polities in fourteenth-century Vietnam’, in Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th centuries, ed. Marr, David G. and Milner, Anthony (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1986), p. 181Google Scholar; Thanh, Trần Thị Băng, ‘Hồ Tông Thốc’, in Từ điển văn học [Dictionary of Literature] (Hanoi: Thế Giới, 2003), pp. 643–4Google Scholar.

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47 Nguyễn Trãi wrote numerous fables based on Việt folklore, using popular sayings and themes, a fact that makes him one of the earliest if not the first socially inspired writers of Đại Việt. Ðỉnh, Cao Huy, Cung, Từ Thị, and Doanh, Ngô Văn, Cao Huy Đỉnh, Tuyển tập tác phẩm [Selected works of Cao Huy Dinh] (Hanoi: Lao Động, 2004), pp. 666–71Google Scholar; Nikulin, N.I., Lịch sử văn học Việt Nam [Literary history of Viet Nam] (Hanoi: Văn học, 2007), pp. 131–8Google Scholar. See also Trãi, Nguyễn, Nguyen, Do, and Hoover, Paul, Beyond the court gate: Selected poems of Nguyen Trai (Denver: Counterpath Press, 2010)Google Scholar.

48 Trãi, Nguyễn, Nguyễn Trãi toàn tập: Ức Trai thi tập [Complete works of Nguyen Trai: Poetry of Uc Trai], ed. and trans. Hoàng Khôi (Hanoi: Văn Hóa Thông Tin, 2001), p. 742Google Scholar.

49 Tạ, Thần, người, và đất Việt, p. 76.

50 Cao, Từ, and Ngô, Cao Huy Đỉnh, p. 673.

51 Đinh, Chu, and Võ, Văn học dân gian, p. 54.

52 See Doãn, Phan Đại et al. , Ngô Sĩ Liên và Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Ngo Si Lien and The Complete historical records of Great Viet) (Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản chính trị quốc gia, 1998)Google Scholar.

53 Ngô and Viện, TT, vol. I, p. 103; Insun, Yu, ‘Lê Văn Hưu and Ngô Sĩ Liên: A comparison of their perception of Vietnamese history’, in Việt Nam: Borderless histories, ed. Reid, Anthony and Tran, Nhung Tuyet (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), p. 46Google Scholar.

54 Tạ, Thần, người, và đất Việt, p. 76. See also Cannadine, David and Price, Simon, Rituals of royalty: Power and ceremonial in traditional societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 181236Google Scholar; Đoàn, Đỗ Bằng and Huề, Đỗ Trọng, Những đại lễ và vũ khúc của vua chúa Việt Nam [Great royal ceremonies and dances of Viet Nam] (Hà Nội: Văn học, 1992), pp. 1386Google Scholar.

55 Yu, ‘Lê Văn Hưu and Ngô Sĩ Liên’, pp. 57–8.

56 Ngọc, Nguyễn Quang, ‘Khuynh hướng trở về với cội nguồn dân tọc thời kỳ văn minh Đại Việt và sự ra đời của Đại Việt Sử Ký Ngoại Ký Toàn Thư (Quyển I)’ [The movement to return-to-our-people's origins during the period of Dai Viet civilization and the birth of The Complete historical records, External Chapter], in Ngô Sĩ Liên và Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, pp. 137–8Google Scholar.

57 Phương, Nguyễn, ‘Phương Pháp Sử của Lê-văn-Hưu và Ngô-sĩ-Liên’ [The historical methodology of Le van Huu and Ngo si Lien], Đại Học, 12 (1962): 893–5Google Scholar.

58 , Phan Huy, ‘Đại Việt sử ký tòan thư’, in TT, vol. I, p. 23Google Scholar; Ngô and Viện, TT, vol. I, p. 103.

59 Đinh, Chu, and Võ, Văn học dân gian, p. 54.

60 Nevertheless, Ngô Sĩ Liên adopted a patrilineal interpretation more suitable to Confucian mores. The fifty sons, who, in LNCQ, followed their mother to Phong Châu, now followed their father to the Southern Sea to become the founders of the Hồng Bàng dynasty. Ngô and Viện, TT, vol. I, p. 132.

61 Tạ, Thần, người, và đất Việt, p. 76.

62 Ngô and Viện, TT, vol. I, p. 135.

63 Gaspardone, Bibliographie annamite, pp. 76–7; Ngũ, Phạm Thế, Việt Nam văn học sử giản ước tân biên: Tập I, văn học truyền khẩu-văn học lịch triều: Hán văn [New concise literary history: vol. I, Oral and dynastic literature in Han (Đồng Tháp: Đồng Tháp, 1996), p. 279Google Scholar.

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65 Ungar, ‘From myth to history’, pp. 181, 184.

66 Xương, Nguyễn Khắc, ‘Tìm hiểu quan hệ giữa thần thọai, truyền thuyết và diễn xướng tín ngưỡng phong tục’ [Understanding the connections between myths, legends, and re-enactments], in Văn học Việt nam, văn học dân gian: những công trình nghiên cứu [Literature of Viet Nam, folk literature: related research], ed. Nhị, Bùi Mạnh et al. (Hanoi: Giáo dục, 1999), pp. 153–61Google Scholar.

67 Ibid., p. 158.

68 Tạ, Thần, người, và đất Việt, pp. 56–7.

69 Thần tích refers to the biographical records of spirits worshipped in the village, documents which the court copied but ‘corrected’, preserving the originals at the Ministry of Rites; thần sắc are imperial decrees consecrating the thần's deeds, ranks, and names, and conferred on villages for officially sanctioned worship; ngọc phả and thần phả designate respectively records about the Hùng Kings and about Supernatural Beings. Lê Quang Chắn, ‘Một số tư liệu về Hưng Yên lưu trữ tại Viện Hán Nôm’ [A number of documents about Hung Yen province archived at the Han-Nom Institute], (TBHNH2009), http://www.hannom.org.vn (last accessed 15 Feb. 2013); Nguyễn Khắc Xương,‘Thư tịch ngọc phả, thần tích và vấn đề lịch sử thời Hùng Vương’, [Bibliography of spirit records and the question of the history of the Hung Kings period] (TBHNH1995), http://www.hannom.org.vn; Trần Thị Thu Hương, ‘Máy nét về mảng sách thần tích Hà Nội lưu trữ tại Viện Nghiên Cứu Hán Nôm’, [A few aspects related to the collection of Ha Noi spirit records archived at the Han-Nom Institute] http://www.hannom.org.vn.

70 Whitmore, John K., ‘Literati culture and integration in Dai Viet, c.1430–c.1840’, Modern Asian Studies, 31, 3 (1997): 673CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

71 Lê Quang Chắn, ‘Một số tư liệu’.

72 Nguyễn Khắc Xương cites three main Hùng Vương Ngọc Phả genealogies: the oldest one (under Emperor Lê Đại Hành was dated to 986, although the date seems inaccurate), reproduced in 1919 under Khải Định; the 1470 version, reproduced in 1619; and the 1572 version by Nguyễn Bính. Nguyễn Khắc Xương, ‘Thư tịch ngọc phả’.

73 Nguyễn Thị Lâm, ‘Sự tích khắc trên đá ở đình Ngọc Tảo’ [Spirit records inscribed on stone at the Ngoc Tao temple] (TBHNH1998) http://www.hannom.org.vn; Bùi Duy Tân mentions that Nguyễn Bính worked on the myths while in Thanh Hóa, where the Lê-Trịnh court was based during its struggle against the Mạc. Tân, Bùi Duy, ‘Nguyễn Bính’, in Từ điển văn học, pp. 1109–10Google Scholar.

74 See Anh, Đào Duy, Việt Nam văn hóa sử cương [An outline of Vietnamese culture] (Hanoi: Văn hóa-thông tin, 2000)Google Scholar; Bính, Phan Kế, Việt Nam phong tục [Customs of Viet Nam] (Hanoi: Văn hoá-thông tin, 2003)Google Scholar.

75 Tạ, Thần, người, và đất Việt, pp. 82–3.

76 Eric Henry, ‘Chinese and indigenous influences’, p. 3.

77 Tân, Bùi Duy, ‘Thiên Nam Ngữ Lục’, in Từ điển văn học, pp. 1671–72Google Scholar; Siêu, Lê Văn and Nhường, Nguyễn Duy, Văn học sử Việt Nam [The literary history of Viet Nam] (Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Văn học, 2006), pp. 956–8Google Scholar.

78 Nikulin, Lịch sử văn học Việt Nam, pp. 250–51.

79 Thiên nam ngữ lục: thơ Nôm [Annals of the Heavenly South: Nom poetry], ed. and trans. Lâm, Nguyễn Thị et al. (Hanoi: Văn Học, 2001), pp. 8993Google Scholar.

80 Ibid., pp. 27–9.

81 Bùi Duy Tân, ‘Thiên Nam Ngữ Lục’, pp. 1672–3.

82 Cao, Từ, and Ngô, Cao Huy Đỉnh, p. 678.

84 Whitmore, ‘Literati culture and integration in Dai Viet, c.1430–c.1840’: 673.

85 Cao, Từ, and Ngô, Cao Huy Đỉnh, pp. 888–9. See also, Ngũ, Phạm Thế, Việt Nam văn học sử giản ước tân biên: Tập II, văn học lịch triều: Việt văn [New concise literary history: vol. II, dynastic literature: Viet literature] (Đồng Tháp: Đồng Tháp, 1997), pp. 3246Google Scholar.

86 Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài indicate two regions into which Đại Việt was divided from the sixteenth to the late eighteenth century; each was ruled by a Chúa (lord) who claimed to support the Lê dynasty.

87 Ngô and Viện, TT, vol. I, p. 135.

88 Ðôn, Lê Quý, Vân đài loại ngữ, ed. and trans. Giáp, Trần Văn et al. (Hanoi: Văn hóa thông tin, 2006), pp. 168–9Google Scholar.

89 Lê and Viện, Kiến văn tiểu lục, 526–7.

90 Ngô Thì Sĩ (Ngô Thời Sỹ, 1726–80) was an official of the Later Lê dynasty (under Chúa Trịnh Sâm), a gifted scholar who composed hundreds of poems and treatises, and father of Ngô Thì Nhậm, minister to Tây Sơn Emperor Quang Trung. See Văn, Trần Lê, Một số tác giả và tác phẩm trong Ngô gia văn phái [A number of authors and works in the Collected Literary Works of the Ngo clan] (Hà Sơn Bình: Ty Văn hóa và Thông tin Hà Sơn Bình, 1980), pp. 71121Google Scholar; Woodside, Alexander, ‘Classical primordialism and the historical agendas of Vietnamese Confucianism’, in Rethinking Confucianism, ed. Elman, Benjamin A., Duncan, John B., and Ooms, Herman (Los Angeles: UCLA Asian Pacific Monograph Series, 2002), pp. 116–43Google Scholar.

91 , Ngô Thì, Ðại Việt sử ký tiền biên, [Preliminary history of Dai Viet] ed. and trans. Bảy, Lê Văn and Nôm, Viện Nghiên Cứu Hán (Hanoi: Khoa Học Xã Hội, 1997), vol. I, p. 23Google Scholar.

92 Ibid., pp. 39–41.

93 Ibid., p. 44.

94 Ibid., p. 45.

95 Sỹ, Ngô Thời, Việt sử tiêu án: từ Hồng Bàng đến ngoại thuộc nhà Minh [Ambiguities in Việt History: From Hong Bang to the Minh domination] (Saigon: Văn hóa Á Châu, 1960), pp. 34–5Google Scholar.

96 Lâm, Trương Bửu, ‘Lời Giới Thiệu’ [Introduction], in Khâm định Việt sử thông giám cương mục [Mirror of Viet history], ed. Cầm, Bửu (Saigon: Bộ Quốc Gia Giáo Dục, 1960), vol. I, pp. ixviiiGoogle Scholar; Langlet, Philippe, La tradition vietnamienne: un état national au sein de la civilisation chinoise d'après la traduction des 33 et 34 chapitres du Khâm Định Việt Sử Thông Giám Cương Mục (Saigon: Société des Études Indochinoises, 1970), p. 5Google Scholar.

97 Khâm định Việt sử thông giám cương mục: Tiền biên: Quyển nhất, ed. and trans. Lâm, Trương Bửu (Saigon: Bộ Văn Hóa Giáo Dục, 1965), vol. I, pp. 1316Google Scholar.

98 Ibid., vol. I, pp. 27, 29, T.N. 7a–b.

99 Ibid., vol. I, pp. 27, 29, T.N. 7b.

100 Lâm, Trương Bửu, ‘Lời Giới Thiệu’, in CM, vol. I, p. xiiiGoogle Scholar.

101 Hằng, Lã Minh, ‘Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca: Văn bản và tác giả’ [The national history of Đại Nam in verse: text and author], in Đại Nam quốcsử diễn ca: Lịch sử Việt Nam, Cát, Lê Ngô, ed. and trans. Hằng, Phạm Ðình Toái, Lã Minh and Nôm, Viện Nghiên Cứu Hán (henceforth Lê Ngô Cát et al.) (Hanoi: Văn Học, 2008), p. 10Google Scholar.

102 Lê Ngô Cát et al., Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca, pp. 46–7.

103 Ibid., p. 9.

104 Abel des Michels translated these tales from Trương Vĩnh Ký's 1882 Nôm collection of Chuyện khôi hài, whereas G. Dumoutier gathered his stories from 1886 to 1889 while doing fieldwork in Tonkin.

105 However, Maspéro in the course of his 1918 study on the kingdom of Văn Lang, remarked that a number of the Hùng Kings' myths had been published in a small anonymous pamphlet, written in Vietnamese and entitled History of the eighteen rules of the Hùng Kings, which was distributed at the yearly anniversary celebrated at the Hùng temple. Maspéro opined that these were ‘paraphrased from the local myths, which might have dated back to the end of the fifteenth century c.’ Maspéro, Henri, ‘Etudes d'Histoire d'Annam: IV. Le Royaume de Van Lang’, BEFEO, 18, 3 (1918): 1, fn 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

106 Ibid., p. 2.

107 Ibid., p. 4.

108 Ibid., p. 7.

109 Ibid., p. 8.

110 The text was quoted by Phạm Hoàn Mĩ in a 1959 series of articles published in Bách Khoa [(a Saigon-based literary journal founded in 1957) reprising the Lạc vs. Hùng Vương debate].

111 Quoted in , Phạm Hoàn, ‘18 Vị vua dựng nước ta?’ [The eighteen kings who founded our country?], Bách Khoa, 49 (1959): 78Google Scholar.

112 Tố, Nguyễn Văn, ‘Lạc Vương chứ không phải Hùng Vương’ [Lac Kings and not Hung Kings], in Tạp Chí Tri Tân 1941–1946, Các bài viết về lịch sử và văn hóa Việt Nam, ed. Lâm, Đinh Xuân et al. (Hanoi: Tâm Unesco Thông Tin Tư Liệu Lịch Sử và Văn Hóa Việt Nam, 2000), p. 124Google Scholar.

113 Phạm, ‘18 Vị vua dựng nước ta?’, Bách Khoa, 54 (1959): 63Google Scholar.

114 Ðào Duy Anh, Việt Nam văn hóa sử cương, p. 22.

115 Ibid., pp. 27–8.

116 Anh, Ðào Duy, ‘Những truyền thuyết đời thượng cổ của nước ta’ [Our country's legends in antiquity], Tri Tân, 30 (1942): 3Google Scholar.

117 Quoted in Phạm, ‘18 Vị vua nước ta’, Bách Khoa, 49, p. 80.

118 Ibid.

119 Ibid., Bách Khoa, 52, pp. 33–5.

120 Ngọc, Nguyễn Văn, Truyện cổ nuớc Nam (Hanoi: Khoa Học Xã Hội, 1990), pp. 78Google Scholar.

121 Italics added; ibid., p. 13.