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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 August 2009
On the night of 18 September 1931, there was an explosion on the Manchurian railway near Mukden. This incident triggered another series of anti-Japanese incidents among the Chinese in the Philippines as an expression of their patriotic feeling.
1 The Philippines Herald, 23 09 1931Google Scholar.
2 Ibid., 24 Sept. 1931.
3 Ibid., 16 Oct. 1931.
4 The Sunday Tribune, 27 09 1931Google Scholar.
5 The Tribune, 2 10 1931Google Scholar.
6 Ibid., 8 Oct. 1931.
7 The Philippines Herald, 14 11 1931Google Scholar.
8 Ibid., 27 Nov. 1931.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid., 1 Dec. 1931.
12 See Ch'i-chih (The Flag), 03 1932, p. 11Google Scholar.
13 “The Patriotic Overseas Chinese”, The China Critic 5, no. 5 (21 01 1932):63Google Scholar.
14 Ibid., 5, no. 9 (3 Mar. 1932):206.
15 Berkov, Robert, Strong Man of China: The Story of Chiang Kai-shek (Boston, 1938), pp. 146–47Google Scholar.
16 Kang-hu, Kiang, “The Birth of Nationalism in China”, The China Critic 5, no. 48 (1 12 1932):1270Google Scholar.
17 The Philippines Herald, 29 01 1932Google Scholar.
18 Ibid., 1 Feb. 1932.
19 The Tribune, 28 11 1932Google Scholar.
20 The China Critic 6, no. 22 (1 01 1933):549Google Scholar.
21 Ibid., 5, no. 24 (16 Jun. 1932):599.
23 Ibid., 5, no. 19 (12 May 1932).
24 Ibid., 5, no. 17 (28 Apr. 1932):410.
25 Ibid., 5, no. 2 (1 Sept. 1932):908.
26 “Philippine Chinese Hit by Trade Rival”, Trans-Pacific 21, no. 26 (29 06 1933): 16Google Scholar.
27 The Philippines Herald, 23 11 1931Google Scholar.
28 Ibid., 4 Mar. 1932.
29 Ibid., 5 Mar. 1932.
30 Ibid., 7 Mar. 1932.
31 Ibid., 14 Jan. 1933.
32 Ibid., 1 Mar. 1933.
33 Ibid., 4 Mar. 1932.
34 Ibid., 7 Nov. 1931.
35 Ibid., 2 Feb. 1933.
36 The Tribune, 25 02 1933Google Scholar.
37 Quiason, Serafin D., “Some Notes on the Japanese Community in Manila, 1898–1941”, Solidarity 8, no. 9 (09 1968):40–51Google Scholar; “Japanese Threatens Chinese Retail Trade in the Philippines”, The Chinese Weekly Review 70, no. 10 (3 11 1934):399Google Scholar.
38 Trade Circular of the United States Department of Commerce, cited by The Philippines Herald, 3 11 1934Google Scholar.
39 Quiason, op. cit.; Vak, S.P. Jr “The Third Conquest of the Philippines”, Pacific Affairs 14, no. 3 (09 1941):290CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
40 The Philippines Herald, 3 11 1934Google Scholar.
41 Quoted in Trans-Pacific, op. cit., 10.
42 The Philippines Herald, 15 01 1935Google Scholar.
43 Graphic, 14 10 1931, pp. 5, 17Google Scholar.
44 See Tan, Antonio S., The Chinese in the Philippines, 1898–1935: A Study of Their National Awakening (Quezon City, 1972), chap. 7Google Scholar.
45 Yee, Henry Uy Cho, “The Chinese in the Philippines”, Philippine Magazine, 10 1935, pp. 498–99Google Scholar.
46 New York Times, 5 05 1931Google Scholar; The Philippines Herald, 12 08 1934Google Scholar.
47 Tan, op. cit., pp. 257–59; Y.S. Kwong, “Brief Sketch of the Chinese Communist Party in the Philippines”, mimeo., n.d., pp. 3–4.
48 Y.S. Kwong, op. cit., p. 4.
49 The Tribune, 26 12 1936Google Scholar.
50 Ibid., 14 Dec. 1936.
51 Ibid., 26 Dec. 1936.
52 The Sunday Tribune, 27 12 1936Google Scholar.
53 Akashi, Yoji, The Nanyang Chinese Salvation Movement, 1937–1941 (Kansas City, 1970), p. 93Google Scholar.
54 San, Kui Hua, Fei-lu-pin'yu-chung hui-i-lu (Memoir in a Philippine Prison) (Shanghai, 1947), pp. 1–2Google Scholar; see also Akashi, op. cit., pp. 42–43.
55 The Philippines Herald, 9 08 1937Google Scholar.
56 The Tribune, 16 07 1937Google Scholar.
57 Ibid. (When the incident broke out, Ts'ai Ting-k'ai was in Baguio recuperating for “health reasons”.)
58 The Tribune, 20 08 1937Google Scholar.
59 Ibid.
60 Ibid.
61 Foster, Gladys, “Story of How a Chinese Boy Helped Countrymen Is Told by 14 Year Old Tu Sing Kiao”, The Philippines Herald, 25 07 1939Google Scholar.
62 The Philippines Herald, 11 08 1939Google Scholar.
63 Ibid., 26 Oct. 1939; The Manila Daily Bulletin, 28 Apr. 1939; Fei-lu-pin min-li-la chung-hua shang-hui wu-shih chou-nien chi-nien k'an (Golden Book, A Fiftieth Anniversary Publication, the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, 1955), p. 92Google Scholar.
63 Hua-ch'iao ai-kuo tsu-tung sun-hsien (Patriotic Overseas Chinese Voluntary Contributions) (Taipei, 1969), pp. 65–66Google Scholar. Hua-ch'iao ching-chi nien-chien (Overseas Chinese Economic Yearbook) (Taipei, 1958), p. 776Google Scholar.
65 The Philippines Herald, 7 09 1939Google Scholar.
66 Ibid., 15 Sept. 1937.
67 Ibid., 16 July 1938; Chan, Justo Cabo and Rivera, Juan E., China Sure to Win (Manila, 1939), pp. 14, 17Google Scholar; The China Weekly Review 85, no. 9 (30 07 1938):283Google Scholar; “Overseas Chinese Pilots”, China At War 5, no. 2 (09 1940): 41–42Google Scholar; Uy, Conrado, “The Chinese in the Philippines”, The China Quarterly 3 (Summer 1938):287Google Scholar.
68 Justo Cabo Chan, op. cit., pp. 14, 17.
69 The Philippines Herald, 29 12 1938Google Scholar.
70 The Tribune, 1 02 1939Google Scholar.
71 Seng, Png Poh, “The Kuomintang in Malaya, 1912–1941”, Journal of Southeast Asian History 2, no. 1 (03 1961):27–28Google Scholar.
72 Chi'-ch'eng, , “Nanyang Ch'iao-chi k'ang chan chi shih-shih” (a true history of the Nanyang Chinese during the war of resistance), Fu-chien wen-hsien (Journal of Fukien History) 2 (10 06 1968):38Google Scholar; see also Fatt, Yong Ching, “Leadership and Power in the Chinese Community of Singapore during the 1930s”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 8, no. 2 (09 1977):205CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
73 The Tribune, 28 08 1937Google Scholar, “Anti-Japanese Boycott Effective in Southeast Asia”, Far Eastern Survey 7, no. 24 (7 12 1938):284CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For the ramifications of the Philippine Chinese boycott, see Akashi, op. cit., pp. 43–49.
74 The Philippines Herald, 19 08 1937Google Scholar.
75 The Tribune, 20 08 1937Google Scholar.
76 The Philippines Herald, 25 08 1937Google Scholar.
77 Ibid., 4 Sept. 1937.
78 Ibid., 13 July 1937.
79 The Tribune, 13 04 1940Google Scholar.
80 Ibid., 14 June 1940.
81 Justo Cabo Chan, op. cit., p. 32.
82 The Tribune, 11 10 1938Google Scholar.
83 The Philippines Herald, 6 07 1939Google Scholar.
84 Hua-ch'iao ai-kuo tsu-tung wen-hsien, op. cit.
85 Fei-lu-pin min-li-la chung-hua shang-hui wu-shih chou-nien chi-nien-k'an, op. cit.
86 The Tribune, 8 07 1941Google Scholar.
87 Ibid., 10 Oct. 1941; The Manila Daily Bulletin, 10 10 1941Google Scholar.
88 The Tribune, 3 04 1940Google Scholar; The Philippines Herald, 3 04 1940Google Scholar. This anti-Wang attitude was in stark contrast to the enthusiastic reception he received in Manila in early 1937 while he was on the way to Europe; see The Philippines Herald, 11 01 1937Google Scholar.
89 The Philippines Herald, 16 11 1939Google Scholar.
90 Locsin, Teodoro M., “Land of the Rising Sun, Davao-kuo”, The Philippine Free Press, 6 12 1941, p. 2Google Scholar.
91 The Tribune, 17 12 1941Google Scholar.
92 Ibid., 24 Dec. 1941.
93 Baclagon, Uldarico S., The Philippine Resistance Movement Against Japan, 10 December 1944–14 June 1945 (Manila, 1966), pp. 301–2Google Scholar.
94 Th'ai, Yu Khe, Lun-hsien san-nien ying-pien ching-ko (Three Years of Enemy Occupation), n.d., p. 1Google Scholar.
95 Malay, Armando S., “Japanese Entering Manila Five Years Ago Recalled, Keep Calm, People Told”, The Manila Chronicle, 3 01 1947, p. 11Google Scholar.
