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The Disastrous First Fund-Raising Campaign in Legal Education: The Harvard Law School Centennial, 1914–19201

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2013

Bruce A. Kimball
Bruce A. Kimball*
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
*
kimball.45@osu.edu
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Abstract

Between 1915 and 1925, Harvard University conducted the first national public fund-raising campaign in higher education in the United States. At the same time, Harvard Law School attempted the first such effort in legal education. The law school organized its effort independently, in conjunction with its centennial in 1917. The university campaign succeeded magnificently by all accounts; the law school failed miserably. Though perfectly positioned for this new venture, Harvard Law School raised scarcely a quarter of its goal from merely 2 percent of its alumni. This essay presents the first account of this campaign and argues that its failure was rooted in longstanding cultural and professional objections that many of the school's alumni shared: law students and law schools neither need nor deserve benefactions, and such gifts worsen the overcrowding of the bar. Due to these objections, lethargy, apathy, and pessimism suffused the campaign. These factors weakened the leadership of the alumni association, the dean, and the president, leading to inept management, wasted time, and an unlikely strategy that was pursued ineffectively. All this doomed the campaign, particularly given the tragic interruptions of the dean's suicide and World War I, along with competition from the well-run campaigns for the University and for disaster relief due to the war.

Type
Essays
Information
The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , Volume 12 , Issue 4 , October 2013 , pp. 535 - 578
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2013 

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Footnotes

1

(kimball.45@osu.edu) For contributing to the research and analysis in this essay, I wish to thank Benjamin Johnson, Jeremy Luke, Ariana Green, Jessica Meylor, David Warrington, Daniel Coquillette, Karen Beck, Laura Kalman, Jay Hook, and the reviewers for this journal. In addition, I am grateful for financial support provided by the Spencer Foundation and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

References

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3 Due, evidently, to the embarrassment of its failure, the Centennial campaign is not mentioned in the records of the subsequent HLS campaign held in the mid-1920s. Correspondence regarding endowment funds, 1919–1927, box 2, Harvard Law School Dean's Office Records, Harvard University Archives. The campaign is not mentioned in Sutherland, Arthur E., The Law at Harvard, A History of Men and Ideas, 1817–1967 (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 263CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Harris, Seymour E., Economics of Harvard (New York, 1970)Google Scholar; Stevens, Robert, Law School: Legal Education in America from the 1850s to the 1980s (Chapel Hill, 1983)Google Scholar; LaPiana, William P., Logic and Experience: The Origin of Modern American Legal Education (New York, 1994)Google Scholar; and Keller, Morton and Keller, Phyllis, Marking Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University (New York, 2001)Google Scholar.

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24 Eliot, Report of the President 1894–95, 27; Eliot, Report of the President 1904–05, 14, 39. Kimball, Bruce A. and Johnson, Benjamin A., “The Beginning of ‘Free Money’ Ideology in American Universities: Charles W. Eliot at Harvard, 1869–1909,” History of Education Quarterly 52 (May 2012): 222–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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32 Eliot, Annual Report 1904–05, 39. Rogers, Report of the Dean 1904–05, 153–54; James Barr Ames, Report of the Dean of the Law School 1905–06 in Eliot, Report of the President 1905–06, 163. Nationally in 1910, only about 8 percent of lawyers admitted to the bar were college graduates.

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35 Ezra R. Thayer to Mark A. D. Howe, Mar. 28, 1914, f. University Relations, box 1, Dean Thayer Correspondence Subject Files, Harvard Law School Dean's Office Records, Harvard University Archives. Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1905–06, 10; Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1908–09, 12. The Centennial History of the Harvard Law School, 1817–1917 (Cambridge, 1918), 57, 107, 114–15, 119.

36 Eliot, Report of the President 1901–02, 11–14; Eliot, Report of the President 1904–05, 58–59; Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1905–06, 10; Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1907–08, 14; Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1908–09, 12; Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1911–12, 15–16, 132–35.

37 Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1908–09, 12, 71–72, 154. McClung, Report of the Treasurer 1908–09, 60, 105.

38 Quotation: Roscoe Pound to Frank W. Grinnell, Apr. 13, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records. Pound's phrase was later picked up by Erwin Griswold, Report of the Dean of the Law School 1961–62 in Nathan M. Pusey, Report of the President of Harvard College and Reports of Departments 1961–62 (Cambridge, MA, 1963), 395.

39 James B. Ames to Charles W. Eliot, Jan. 31, 1898, box 100, Charles W. Eliot Papers, Harvard University Archives. Eliot's letters are cited by the traditional indexing of his papers.

40 Quotation: Eliot, Report of the President 1882–83, 42. Also Eliot, Report of the President 1871–72, 21; Eliot, Report of the President 1872–73, 22–23; Eliot, Report of the President 1893–94, 27; Eliot, Report of the President 1898–99, 35. C. C. Langdell, Report of the Dean of the Law School 1880–81 in Eliot, Report of the President 1880–81, 75.

41 Centennial History, 57, 107.

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44 Untitled six-page chart, 1911, f. University Relations, box 1, Thayer Correspondence. Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1911–12, 132–35.

45 A. L. Lowell to Ezra R. Thayer, Sept. 17, 1912, f. 969, Lowell Records; A. L. Lowell to Thayer, Aug. 14, 1913, and Francis W. Hunnewell to Thayer, Nov. 25, 1912, f. University Relations, box 1, Thayer Correspondence.

46 Ezra R. Thayer to Francis W. Hunnewell, Nov. 27, 1912, f. 969, Lowell Records. Thayer to A. L. Lowell, Oct. 5, 1912, f. Statistics, 1907–15, box 1, Thayer Correspondence. Thayer to Henry L. Stimson, June 27, 1914, f. 12, box 8, Ezra R. Thayer Papers, Harvard Law School Library Special Collections.

47 Ezra R. Thayer, Report of the Dean of the Law School 1912–13 in Lowell, Report of the President 1912–13, 127; Harvard Law School Association of New York City, Report of Committee on the Needs of the Law School [c. early June 1914], f. University Relations, box 2, Thayer Correspondence; Cornelius Wickersham to Thayer, Apr. 6, 1914, f. University Relations, box 2, Thayer Correspondence; “Report of the Dean of the Law School,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin 16 (Apr. 1914): 448.

48 Thayer to Howe, Mar. 28, 1914, f. University Relations, box 1; Louis D. Brandeis to Thayer, Dec. 22, 1914, Thayer to A. L. Lowell, Jan. 13, 1915, and Thayer to Langdon P. Marvin, Mar. 4, 1915, f. University Relations, box 2, Thayer Correspondence; Richard Ames to Francis W. Hunnewell II, Dec. 17, 1914, and A. L. Lowell to Clifford Moore, Mar. 3, 1915, f. 230, Lowell Records; Lowell, Report of the President 1914–15, 24; Lowell, Report of the President 1915–16, 5–6.

49 Thayer to Howe, Mar. 28, 1914, f. University Relations, box 1; Thayer to Cornelius W. Wickersham, Apr. 7, 1914, f. University Relations, box 2, Thayer Correspondence. Thayer to Lowell, Oct. 5, 1912, f. Statistics, 1907–15, box 1, Thayer Correspondence. Thayer, Report of the Dean 1911–12, 135; Lowell, Report of the President 1911–12, 17–18.

50 Ezra R. Thayer to Francis C. Huntington, Mar. 24, 1914, f. 4, box 9, Thayer Papers; Thayer to Robert Grant, Apr. 4. 1914, and Thayer to C. W. Wickersham, Apr. 3, 1914, f. University Relations, box 2, Thayer Correspondence.

51 Thayer to Howe, Mar. 28, 1914, f. University Relations, box 1, Thayer Correspondence. “News and Views,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin 16 (Apr. 8, 1914): 445. See “Report of the Dean of the Law School,” 448.

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55 Ezra R. Thayer to Henry L. Stimson, June 24, 1913, f. Felix Frankfurter, box 1, Correspondence regarding positions 1916–19, 1923–25, Harvard Law School Dean's Office Records, Harvard University Archives. The following account draws upon John Sheeseley, “Ezra Ripley Thayer: Dean of the Harvard Law School 1910–15” (unpublished third-year paper, Harvard Law School, 2002), sect. III A 1; Sutherland, Law at Harvard, 242.

56 Edward Warren to Ezra R. Thayer, June 26, 1913; Felix Frankfurter to Warren, June 25, 1913, and Felix Frankfurter to Thayer, July 30, 1913, f. Felix Frankfurter, box 2, Correspondence regarding positions 1916–19, 1923–25.

57 Ezra R. Thayer to Louis D. Brandeis, Oct. 30, 1913; Thayer to Henry L. Stimson, July 31, Nov. 4, 1913; and Thayer to Walter E. Meyer, Aug. 1, Oct. 30, 1913, f. Felix Frankfurter, box 2, Correspondence regarding positions 1916–19, 1923–25.

58 Thayer to Stimson, Nov. 4, 1913; Thayer to Meyer, Nov. 18, 1913, f. Felix Frankfurter, box 2, Correspondence regarding positions 1916–19, 1923–25.

59 Ezra R. Thayer to A. L. Lowell, Jan. 8, 1914, and Thayer to Felix Warburg, Jan. 31, 1914, f. Felix Frankfurter, box 2, Correspondence regarding positions 1916–19, 1923–25.

60 Thayer to Wickersham, Apr. 3, 1914, f. University Relations, box 2, Thayer Correspondence.

61 Harvard Law School Association of New York City, Report.

62 Thayer to Stimson, June 27, 1914, f. 12, box 8, Thayer Papers.

63 Thayer to Stimson, June 27, 1914, f. 12, box 8, Thayer Papers; Brandeis to Thayer, Dec. 22, 1914, f. University Relations, box 2, Thayer Correspondence.

64 Brandeis to Thayer, Dec. 22, 1914, f. University Relations, box 2, Thayer Correspondence. Emphasis added.

65 Louis D. Brandeis to Roscoe Pound, Nov. 7, 1912, reel 3, part 1 Correspondence, 1907–64, Roscoe Pound Papers (microfilm version), Harvard Law School Library Special Collections; Ezra R. Thayer to Otis S. Cook, Feb. 21, 1913, f. A-C, Correspondence alphabetical 1910–16, Harvard Law School Dean's Office Records, Harvard University Archives; Charles H. Strong to Thayer, July 1, 1915, f. 11, box 8, Thayer Papers.

66 Ezra R. Thayer to Carter Dalton, Apr. 8, 1913, f. 13, box 8; William Thomas to Thayer, Nov. 23, 1914, f. 8, box 9, J. D. Peale to Thayer, Apr. 15, 1915, f. 11, box 8, Strong to Thayer, July 1, 1915, f. 11, box 8, all in Thayer Papers.

67 Ezra R. Thayer to William Thomas, May 12, 1915, f. 11, box 9, Thayer Papers.

68 Quotation: Ezra R. Thayer to Richard Ames, July 7, 1915, reel 13, Pound Papers. Caleb Loring to Roscoe Pound, Apr. 17, 1916, reel 10, Pound Papers. See Sheeseley, “Ezra Ripley Thayer,” sect. VIII B.

69 “Lawyer's Body Found in Basin,” Boston Journal, Sept. 17, 1915. Centennial History, 272; Sheeseley, “Ezra Ripley Thayer,” sect. III A 2, IV, V; Sutherland, Law at Harvard, 232.

70 Austin W. Scott, Report of the Dean of the Law School 1914–15 in Lowell, Report of the President 1914–15, 149.

71 Thayer to Howe, Mar. 28, 1914, f. University Relations, box 1, Thayer Correspondence.

72 Sheeseley, “Ezra Ripley Thayer,” sect. III A 1 a. See Ezra R. Thayer to Roscoe Pound, June 15, 1915; Thayer to Pound, Aug. 18 [1914 or 15]; and Pound to Thayer, Sept. 3, 1915, reel 13, Pound Papers; Roscoe Pound to A. C. Estes, July 10, 1915, f. 11, box 9, Thayer Papers.

73 A. L. Lowell to Roscoe Pound, Mar. 20, 1916, f. 176, Lowell Records.

74 Lowell, Report of the President 1915–16, 5–6; Roscoe Pound, Report of the Dean of the Law School 1915–16 in Lowell, Report of the President 1915–16, 146. See James F. Clark, “The Harvard Law School Deanship of Roscoe Pound, 1916–1936” (unpublished third-year paper, Harvard Law School, 1999), sect. II A 2.

75 Quotation (emphasis in original), Loring to Pound, Apr. 17, 1916, reel 10, Pound Papers. Also, Pound to Grinnell, Apr. 13, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records. See Pound, Report of the Dean 1915–16, 145.

76 Quotation: Julian W. Mack to Roscoe Pound, May 18, 1916, reel 10, Pound Papers. A. L. Lowell to Pound, Apr. 28, 1916, reel 9, Pound Papers.

77 A. L. Lowell to Jesse W. Lilienthal, Dec. 14, 1916, f. 1354; Lowell to James Byrne, Oct. 20, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

78 A. L. Lowell to Joseph H. Beale, Nov. 30, 1915, f. 297, Lowell Records.

79 Lowell, Report of the President, 1915–16, 21–22.

80 Lowell to Lilienthal, Dec. 14, 1916, and Pound to Lowell, Dec. 11, 1916, f. 1354; Lowell to Byrne, Oct. 20, 1916, Frank W. Grinnell to A. L. Lowell, May 12, July 21, 1916, Lowell to Byrne, Jan. 2, 1917, Byrne to Lowell, Jan. 4, Mar. 3, 1917, and A. L. Lowell to James A. Lowell, Apr. 18 1917, f. 1080, Lowell Records; A. L. Lowell to Thomas W. Lamont, Dec. 12, 1916, box 1916–17, Thomas W. Lamont Correspondence, Records of Harvard Endowment Fund 1916–39, Harvard University Archives; James A. Lowell to A. L. Lowell, Apr. 7, 1917, f. prior to Sept. 1, 1919, A. L. Lowell Correspondence, Records of Harvard Endowment Fund 1916–39, Harvard University Archives.

81 Frank W. Grinnell to Joseph P. Cotton, June 23, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records. Also Grinnell to Joseph Sargent, Apr. 26, 1916, f. 1153, Lowell Records.

82 Frank W. Grinnell to A. L. Lowell, July 19, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

83 Frank W. Grinnell to Joseph Sargent, June 27, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

84 Quotation: Grinnell to Cotton, June 23, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records. See also Grinnell to Lowell, July 21, 1916; Grinnell to Sargent, June 27, 1916; Grinnell, Sargent, and Roger Ernst to Byrne, June 6, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records; Harvard Law School Association, Ezra Ripley Thayer (Cambridge, MA, 1916)Google Scholar.

85 Centennial History, 170–74; Grinnell to Cotton, June 23, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records; Harvard Law School Faculty, Minutes of Meetings, Nov. 9, 1915, Harvard Law School Library Special Collections.

86 Caleb Loring to Frank W. Grinnell, Apr. 17, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

87 Loring to Grinnell, Apr. 17, 1916; Frank W. Grinnell to James Byrne, May 27, 1916, and Grinnell to William C. Loring, May 3, 6, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

88 Grinnell, Sargent, and Ernst to Byrne, June 6, 1916; Grinnell to Lowell, July 21, 1916; Frank W. Grinnell to Joseph P. Cotton, June 15, 1916, and Cotton to Grinnell, June 21, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

89 Centennial History, 170–74; Grinnell to Cotton, June 23, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records; Harvard Law School Faculty, Minutes, Nov. 9, 1915.

90 Joseph H. Beale to Roscoe Pound, Dec. 20, 1916, item 989, Zechariah Chafee Jr. Papers (microfilm version), Harvard Law School Library Special Collections. Chafee wrote the concluding chapter on “The Future,” drawing passages from the annual reports of Dean Pound; Grinnell wrote the chapter on the alumni association. See Frank W. Grinnell to Chafee, Nov. 13, 1917, and Chafee's typescripts and letters, items 839–50, 986, Chafee, Papers; Centennial History, vi.

91 Centennial History, 118–19, 161, 170–71, 173. Kimball, Bruce A., “The Langdell Problem: Historicizing the Century of Historiography, 1906–2000s,” Law & History Review 22 (Summer 2004): 277–337CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kimball, “Impoverishing,” 4–29.

92 Lowell to Byrne, Oct. 20, 1916; Lowell to Lilienthal, Dec. 14, 1916; Pound to Lowell, Dec. 11, 1916; Lowell to Byrne, Jan. 2, 1917; Byrne to Lowell, Jan. 4, 1917; Lowell to Byrne, Jan. 8, 16, 1917, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

93 Roscoe Pound to James M. Byrne, Dec. 22, 1916, box 6, Subject File 1916–1932, Harvard Law School Dean's Office Records, Harvard University Archives; Pound to Lowell, Dec. 11, 1916; Byrne to Lowell, Jan. 4, 16, Mar. 3, 1917, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

94 H. J. Ostrander, Yale Treasurer's Office, to Thomas W. Swann, Apr. 28, 1916, f. 1989, box 312, Series III, Yale University Treasurer Records, Yale University Archives. Rogers, Report of the Dean 1912–13, 203; Rogers, Report of the Dean 1913–14, 239–41; Rogers, Report of the Dean 1914–15, 319–20.

95 Pound, Report of the Dean 1915–1916, 141–42.

96 A Program for the Expansion of the Yale School of Law into a “School of Law and Jurisprudence” ([New Haven: privately printed, 1916]), iv, in f. 2150, box 331, Series III, Yale University Treasurer Records, Yale University Archives; Supplement to the Yale Alumni Weekly (Mar 23, 1917); Swan, Report of the Dean 1916–17, 307.

97 Centennial History, 168.

98 Quotations: Roger Pierce to Frederick W. Burlingham, Apr. 16, 1918, box 1916–17, Lamont Correspondence. See [Robert F. Duncan], Minutes of Executive Committee of the Harvard Alumni Association, Jan. 10, Apr. 10, 1916, Secretary's Records 1916–19, Records of Harvard Endowment Fund 1916–39, Harvard University Archives; Thomas W. Lamont to James A. Lowell, Apr. 18, 1917, box 1916–17, Lamont Correspondence.

99 Quotations: Lowell to Lamont, Dec. 12, 1916; also Lamont to James Byrne, Jan. 20, 1917; Robert F. Duncan to Lamont, Feb. 17, Mar. 23, 1917; Lamont to William C. Sanger, Apr. 12, 1917, box 1916–17, Lamont Correspondence; Lamont to Lowell, Apr. 17, 1917, f. 713, Lowell Records.

100 Thomas W. Lamont to Robert F. Duncan, Feb. 15, 1917, box 1916–17, Lamont Correspondence.

101 Byrne to Lowell, Mar. 3, 1917, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

102 Ibid.

103 Jeremiah Smith Jr. to A. L. Lowell, Mar. 1, 1917, and A. L. Lowell to William C. Loring, Mar. 2, 1917, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

104 William C. Loring, James Byrne, and William C. Osborn, To the Graduates of the Harvard Law School [printed circular], Boston, March 31, 1917, 1–2, Harvard Law School Library Special Collections. Pound, Report of the Dean 1915–16, 140–53.

105 Lowell to Lowell, Apr. 7, 18, 1917, f. 1080, Lowell Records. Boston Journal, May 5, 1917.

106 Thomas W. Swan et al., “Report of the Committee on Plans for the School of Law” [Jan. 1919], f. 2150; YLS Guaranty Fund 1917–1920, pdf document, f. 2156, both in box 331, series III, Yale University Treasurer Records RU 151, Yale University Archives.

107 Thomas W. Lamont to Francis W. Appleton, May 3, 1917, and Robert F. Duncan, “Report of my recent trip West,” May 16, 1917, box 1916–17, Lamont Correspondence.

108 Frank W. Grinnell to Roscoe Pound, Apr. 24, 1917, f. 1171, Lowell Records; A. L. Lowell to Roscoe Pound, Apr. 29, 1916, reel 9, Pound Papers; H. M. Wright to Roscoe Pound, May 2, 1917, f. W-Z, Correspondence alphabetical 1910–16, Harvard Law School Dean's Office Records, Harvard University Archives.

109 Joseph Sargent to the Secretaries of the Various Classes of the Harvard Law School and to the Vice-Presidents and Corresponding Secretaries of the Harvard Law School Association [c. May 1917], f. 1080, Lowell Records; Boston Journal, May 7, 1917; A. L. Lowell to Justice [Edward D.] White, May 29, 1917, f. 1171, Lowell Records.

110 “To the Graduates of The Harvard Law School Association,” June 4, 1917, f. 1171, Lowell Records; Boston Globe, June 8, 1917. See Frank W. Grinnell to Roscoe Pound, Apr. 24, 1917, f. 1171, Lowell Records; A. L. Lowell to Pound, Apr. 29, 1916, reel 9, Pound Papers; H. M. Wright to Pound, May 2, 1917, f. W-Z, Correspondence alphabetical 1910–16, Harvard Law School Dean's Office Records, Harvard University Archives.

111 Boston Journal, June, 16, 1917; Walter E. Meyer to Roscoe Pound, June 26, 1917, reel 10, Pound Papers.

112 Committee on Arrangements of the Council of the Harvard Law School Association, “Notice in Regard to the Centennial Anniversary of the Harvard Law School,” June 4, 1917, f. 1171, Lowell Records; Harvard Law School Association, The Harvard Law School, 1817–1917, Published for Distribution to the Graduates of the Law School, 1917 (Norwood, MA, 1917)Google Scholar; Rawle, Francis, “A Hundred Years of the Harvard Law School, 1817–1917,” Harvard Graduates' Magazine 26 (Dec. 1917): 177–86Google Scholar.

113 Quotation: Lowell, Report of the President 1916–17, 22. Also, Pound, Report of the Dean 1915–16, 146; Pound, Report of the Dean 1916–17, 140; Lowell, Report of the President 1917–18, 22; A. L. Lowell to Roscoe Pound, June 25, 1919, f. 1671, Lowell Records. Gruber, Carol S., Mars and Minerva: World War I and the Uses of the Higher Learning in America (Baton Rouge, 1975), 95–101Google Scholar; Geiger, To Advance Knowledge, 102–05.

114 Roscoe Pound to A. L. Lowell, Aug. 16, 1918, f. 1671, Lowell Records; Pound, Report of the Dean 1917–18, 120, 140. Pound's account of the surplus does fit the corresponding category of “General Suspense” reported for the school in Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1917–18, 141, 181–83; also Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1916–17, 149, 189–91; Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1918–19, 149, 190.

115 Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1918–19, 190–92; Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1919–20, 213–14.

116 A. L. Lowell to Henry A. Yeomans, Jan. 29, 1919, f. 621, Lowell Records; Lowell to James A. Lowell, Jan. 12, 1918, f. 5, Lowell Records. H. C. Washburn to John I. Richardson, Dec. 13, 1920, box I-Z, Correspondence [with John I. Richardson] 1920, Records of Harvard Endowment Fund 1916–39, Harvard University Archives. Geiger, To Advance Knowledge, 131.

117 See Pound, Roscoe, “The Law School” in Harvard Endowment Fund, Harvard and the Future (Cambridge, MA, 1919), 12–13Google Scholar; Pound, The Harvard Law School ([New York, 1919]); Edgar H. Wells to A. L. Lowell, June 19, 1919, f. prior to Sept. 1, 1919, Lowell Correspondence; Robert F. Duncan, June 11, 1919, Secretary's Records 1916–19; Eliot Wadsworth, “Pamphlet- Introduction,” f. Endowment Statements, May 1921–June 30, 1921, Lists, reports, statistics, etc. 1919–25, Records of Harvard Endowment Fund 1916–39, Harvard University Archives, 13–14; Eliot Wadsworth to William H. Baldwin III, July 7, 1919, Wadsworth to Pound, mid-July 1919, Wells to Pound, Aug. 20, 1919, Pound to Wadsworth, Oct. 7, 15, 1919, box 1, Correspondence regarding endowment funds 1919–1927, Harvard Law School Dean's Office Records, Harvard University Archives.

118 Ten Millions for Harvard, President Lowell Sets Forth the Needs of the University, reprinted from the Harvard Alumni Bulletin, June 26, 1919 (New York, 1919); Thomas W. Lamont, “Why Harvard Needs Additional Endowment,” The Harvard Advocate, Sept. 22, 1919, 10; Roscoe Pound to Joseph P. Cotton, Oct. 22, 1919, and Pound to Edgar H. Wells, Mar. 27, 1920, box 1, Correspondence regarding endowment funds 1919–1927.

119 Frank W. Grinnell to Zechariah Chafee, Jr., Feb. 24, 1925, item 913, Chafee, Papers; Grinnell to Council of the Harvard Law School Association, May 9, 1919, and Grinnell and Harvard Law School Association, “Announcement of a Law School Celebration in June 1920,” c. May 1919, f. 827, Lowell Records.

120 Frank W. Grinnell to A. L. Lowell, Dec. 20, 1919, f. 361, Lowell Records; Notice of the Reunion of the Alumni of the Harvard Law School at Cambridge, June 21st, 1920 [printed circular], n. d., f. 361, Lowell Records; Two Addresses Delivered before the Alumni of the Harvard Law School at Cambridge, June 21, 1920 ([Boston, 1920])Google Scholar; Boston Globe, June 20, 1920.

121 James Byrne to Thomas W. Lamont, June 18, 1917, box 1916–17, Lamont Correspondence; Pound, Report of the Dean 1916–17, 141.

122 A. L. Lowell to Thomas W. Lamont, Oct. 30, 1919, box 1918–1921, Lamont Correspondence. The gift carried a condition that HLS raise tuition to $200, which the faculty reluctantly did in 1920. Max Epstein to President and Fellows of Harvard College, Oct. 21, 1919, box 1918–1921, Lamont Correspondence; Pound, Report of the Dean 1919–20, 167–69; Francis W. Hunnewell to Eliot Wadsworth, Nov. 7, 1919, f. 37, Lowell Records; David M. Little Jr., to Epstein, Jan. 23, 1922, and S. D. W. to Epstein, Jan. 13, 1927, box 3, Correspondence with restricted subscribers, Records of Harvard Endowment Fund 1916–39, Harvard University Archives.

123 “Restricted [Gifts] January 17, 1922 plus amendment through Aug. 1922,” f. Endowment Statements, May 1921–June 30, 1921, Lists, reports, statistics, etc. 1919–25.

124 In 1914 about 7,450 former students, including graduates, of HLS were known to be alive; in 1924 about 9,919. Interpolating and discounting for the enrollment decline during the war indicate that there were about 8,700 living graduates and former students in 1920. Quinquennial Catalogue of the Law School of Harvard University, 1817–1914 (Cambridge, MA, 1915), [v]Google Scholar; Quinquennial Catalogue of the Law School of Harvard University, 1817–1924 (Cambridge, MA, 1925), vGoogle Scholar.

125 See Correspondence with restricted subscribers, f. 9, box 1, Records of Harvard Endowment Fund.

126 Quotation: Blewett Lee to Joseph P. Cotton, Oct. 18, 1919, box 2, Correspondence with restricted subscribers. Charles W. Eliot to Blewett Lee, Mar. 13, 1897, letterbook 167a–168, box 91, Eliot Papers; Blewett Lee to Eliot, Mar. 15, 1897, box 139A, Eliot Papers.

127 “[Subscribers of] $10,000 and Over [to] Endowment Fund,” [c. late 1920] and “Subscribers who have pledged $25,000.00 and Over, September 10, 1920. Corrected to Nov. 1920,” f. Various Statistics, Lists, reports, statistics, etc. 1919–25; “Restricted [Gifts] January 17, 1922;” Thomas N. Perkins to James J. Phelan, Oct. 2, 1919, Perkins to Henry B. Endicott, Oct. 15, 1919, and Arthur D. Hill to Perkins, Oct. 10, 1919, box 1, Thomas N. Perkins Correspondence, Records of Harvard Endowment Fund 1916–39, Harvard University Archives.

128 “New York Subscribers $1,000 and Over,” f. Lists of Subscribers, Lists, reports, statistics, etc. 1919–25.

129 Quotation: Rawle, “A Hundred Years,” 186. Thomas N. Perkins to Sarah R. Ames, Nov. 26, 1920, Perkins to Joseph P. Cotton, Dec. 8, 1920, and Anna L. Gray and Roland Gray to Perkins, Nov. 7, 1919, box 1, Perkins Correspondence.

130 Joseph H. Choate to Frank W. Grinnell, May 4, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records. See Pound, Report of the Dean 1917–18.

131 Cutlip, Fund Raising in the United States, 110–116; Zunz, Philanthropy in America, 56–58.

132 Smith to Lowell, Mar. 1, 1917, f. 1080, Lowell Records. Francis J. Swayze to Thomas W. Lamont, May 2, 1917, box 1916–17, Lamont Correspondence.

133 Ezra R. Thayer to A. L. Lowell, May 28, 1914, f. 969, Lowell Records. Law School Endowment Fund, “Harvard Law School Association [printed circular],” Apr. 26, 1916; Roger Pierce to Joseph Sargent, Apr. 26, 1916, f. 1153, Lowell Records.

134 Quotation: A. L. Lowell to Robert F. Duncan, Feb. 27, 1917, f. prior to Sept. 1, 1919, Lowell Correspondence. Lamont to Lowell, Apr. 18, 1917; Robert F. Duncan, Apr. 9, 1917, Secretary's Records 1916–19; Lamont to Joseph P. Cotton, Apr. 5, 17, 1917, box 1916–17, Lamont Correspondence.

135 “[Subscribers of] $10,000 and Over;” “Subscribers who have pledged $25,000.00 and Over;” “Restricted [Gifts] January 17, 1922,” f. Various Statistics, Lists, reports, statistics, etc. 1919–25, Perkins Correspondence.

136 Richard W. Hale to Harvard Endowment Fund, Nov. 8, 1920, box 2, Correspondence with restricted subscribers; William E. Masterson to Harvard Endowment Fund, Feb. 10, 1920, and H. C. C. to William E. Masterson, June 20, 1927, box 3, Correspondence with restricted subscribers; Thomas N. Perkins to James J. Phelan, Oct. 2, 1919, Perkins to Ames, Nov. 26, 1920, box 1, Perkins Correspondence; Max Lowenthal to John W. Prentiss, Dec. 31, 1919, box 1, Correspondence with restricted subscribers; Roscoe Pound to Joseph P. Cotton, Oct. 22, 1919, Pound to Edgar H. Wells, Nov. 12, 1920, and Perkins to Pound, July 17, 1920, box 1, Correspondence regarding endowment funds; Clark, “The Harvard Law School Deanship,” sect. IV C 1.

137 Birch Helms to Thomas W. Lamont, Jan. 30, 1917, box 1916–17, Lamont Correspondence.

138 Roscoe Pound to Wilson M. Powell, Nov. 24, 1926, box 1, Correspondence regarding endowment funds, 1919–1927. William W. Hodson to Pound, Mar. 3, 1920, and Pound to Edgar H. Wells, Mar. 27, 1920, box 1, Correspondence regarding endowment funds, 1919–1927; Ravi P. Ramchandani, “The Stalling Effort: The Harvard Law School Endowment Campaign of 1925–1927” (Legal History Seminar Paper, Harvard Law School, on file with Professor Daniel R. Coquillette, May 2011), 5–6.

139 Thomas W. Lamont to Payne Whitney, Oct. 31, 1919, box 1918–1921, Lamont Correspondence. Edgar H. Wells to Thomas N. Perkins, Mar. 10, 1920, box 1; Edward Reynolds to Perkins, Oct. 8, 1919, Joseph Wiggin to Perkins, Oct. 25, 1919, box 2, Perkins Correspondence.

140 Smith to Lowell, Mar. 1, 1917, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

141 Edgar H. Wells to John B. Atkins, Nov. 28, 1919, Correspondence A—Byrne 1917–1921, Records of Harvard Endowment Fund 1916–39, Harvard University Archives.

142 Lawrence, Memories, 215.

143 Boston Globe, June 8, 1917, 3. Other examples of campaign appeals include Centennial History, 162–74; Pound, Report of the Dean 1915–16; Pound, The Harvard Law School.

144 Harvard Endowment Fund, Harvard and the Future, 2.

145 Quotation: Caleb Loring to Frank W. Grinnell, Apr. 17, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records. Edgar H. Wells to Edward B. Adams, Dec. 8, 1919, Correspondence A—Byrne 1917–1921. Joseph P. Cotton to Grinnell, June 21, 1916; Grinnell to Cotton, June 23, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records. [Subscribers of] “$10,000 and Over [to] Endowment Fund,” f. Various Statistics, Lists, reports, statistics, etc. 1919–25.

146 Thomas N. Perkins to Stanley King, Oct. 15, 1919, and Perkins to James C. McMullin, Feb. 21, 1920, box 2, Perkins Correspondence; Boston Globe, July 17, 1919, Feb. 26, 1922.

147 Charles H. Strong to Ezra R. Thayer, July 1, 1915, f. 11, box 8, Thayer Papers.

148 Frank W. Grinnell to Joseph P. Cotton, June 23, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

149 Kimball, Bruce A., “Before the Paper Chase: Student Culture at Harvard Law School, 1895–1915,” Journal of Legal Education 61 (Aug. 2011): 30–66Google Scholar.

150 Quotation: Loring, Byrne, and Osborn, To the Graduates, 1. Centennial History, 173–74; Frank W. Grinnell to Joseph H. Choate, May 5, 1916, f. 1080, Lowell Records; Rawle, “A Hundred Years,” 186. Ramchandani, “Stalling Effort,” 5.

151 [Eliot Wadsworth,] Harvard and the Future (Cambridge, MA, 1919), 5Google Scholar. See “Why Harvard Needs Money,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Jan. 18, 1917, 306.

152 “Harvard Fund $15,250,000. Committee Announces Increase in Amount Sought in Drive,” New York Times, Sept. 18, 1919, 15.

153 Robert F. Duncan to Thomas W. Lamont, Dec. 13, 1916, Lamont to Duncan, Dec. 20, 1916, and Edward B. Adams to Lamont, June 23, 1917, box 1916–17, Lamont Correspondence. Rawle, “A Hundred Years,” 186; Loring, Byrne, and Osborn, To the Graduates; Centennial History, 170–73, 378. Kimball, “Impoverishing,” 4–29.

154 Francis W. Hunnewell to Eliot Wadsworth, Sep. 10, 1920, f. 37, Lowell Records.

155 Langdon P. Marvin to Ezra R. Thayer, Mar. 3, 5, 1915, f. University Relations, box 2, Thayer Correspondence.

156 Grinnell to Cotton, June 23, 1916; Grinnell to Lowell, July 19, 21, 1916, Mar. 3, 1917; Grinnell to Byrne, May 27, 1916; Grinnell to Loring, May 6, 1916, all in f. 1080, Lowell Records.

157 Louis D. Brandeis to Roscoe Pound, May 28, 1919, in Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, ed. Melvin I. Urofsky and David W. Levy, vol. 4 (Albany, 1971), 395; Urofsky, Melvin I. and Levy, David W., eds., “Half Brother, Half Son”: The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis and Felix Frankfurter (Norman, OK, 1991), 43n–44nGoogle Scholar; Thomas N. Perkins to Frederic Winthrop, Oct. 23, 1919, and Frederic Winthrop to Thomas N. Perkins, Nov. 17, 1919, box 2, Perkins Correspondence; John B. Trevor to Charles T. Lovering, Nov. 24, 1920, f. 37, Lowell Records.

158 Harvard Crimson, Oct.10, 1919 and May 10, 1920. See letters from October 1919 concerning Laski in Lamont Correspondence, box 1918–1921, and Perkins Correspondence, 2 boxes.

159 Lowell to Lamont, Oct. 30, 1919, box 1918–1921, Lamont Correspondence.

160 Edmund K. Arnold to Ezra R. Thayer, June 20, 1914, f, 13, box 8, Thayer Papers.

161 Archibald King to Joseph Sargent, Mar. 6, 1914, f. 11, box 8, Thayer Papers.

162 Quotation: Archibald King to Joseph Sargent, Mar. 6, 1914, f. 11, box 8, Thayer Papers. Also, Horace F. Baker to Sargent, Mar. 4, 1914, Alvin A. Morris to Baker, Mar. 5, 1914, and Justin Bowersock to Sargent, June 17, 1914, f. 11, box 8, Thayer Papers.

163 Langdell, Report of the Dean 1881–82, 82.

164 Kimball, True Professional Ideal, 75–76, 110–12, 199. Fried, Charles, “The Lawyer as Friend: The Moral Foundations of the Lawyer-Client Relation,” Yale Law Journal 85 (1976): 1060–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Llewellyn, Karl N., The Bramble Bush: On Our Law and Its Study, 2nd ed. (New York, 1951), 171Google Scholar. Weber, Max, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, ed. Roth, Guenther and Wittich, Claus, trans. Fischoff, Ephraim et al. , vol. 2 (New York, 1968), 891Google Scholar.

165 Centennial History, 163.

166 Byrne to Lowell, Mar. 3, 1917, f. 1080, Lowell Records.

167 This mid-1920s effort also inspired Yale Law School to mount a fund-raising campaign. Kalman, Laura, Legal Realism at Yale, 1927–1960 (Chapel Hill, 1986), 105Google Scholar.

168 Quotation: Edward Warren to James B. Conant, Nov. 24, 1941, cited in Duncan Farthing-Nichol, “A Desirable Discontent: Dean James M. Landis at Harvard Law School” (Legal History Seminar Paper, Harvard Law School, on file with Professor Daniel R. Coquillette, May 2012), 37. See Erwin Griswold, Report of the Dean of Harvard Law School, 1947–48, in Report of the President and the Treasurer of Harvard University, 1947–48 (Cambridge, MA 1949), 390.

169 Quotation: Keller and Keller, Marking Harvard Modern, 253–54. Sutherland, Law at Harvard, 304. Author's interview with former HLS Director of Development Scott G. Nichols, Dec. 10, 2010, at Boston University, Boston, MA.

170 “Harvard Law School Celebrates Record-setting Capital Campaign,” Spotlight at Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA, Oct. 2008, http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2008/10/23_campaign.html (accessed Mar. 23, 2013). Brian Leiter, “Top 20 Law Schools by Size of Endowment (Based on Data from 2000),” Brian Leiter's Law School Reports, Sept. 1, 2006, http://leiterlawschool.typepad.com/leiter/2006/09/top_20_law_scho.html (accessed May 12, 2012).

171 Griswold, Report of the Dean 1957–58, 335.

172 Adams, Report of the Treasurer 1899–1900, 52, 54, 56; Harvard University Fact Book 2000–2001 (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 36–37Google Scholar; Harvard University Fact Book 2010–11 (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 40–42Google Scholar. Harvard Law School Fund Volunteer Manual (Cambridge, MA, 2009), 2Google Scholar, http://law.harvard.edu/alumni/downloads/volunteermanualfy09.pdf (accessed Mar. 23, 2013).

173 Eliot, Report of the President 1871–72, 21–22. See Kimball, Bruce A., “The Worst Endowed of All the Great Departments of Professional Education: The Emergence of Rationales for Law School Fund-Raising amid the Ideological Shift from Charity to Philanthropy in American Higher Education, 1880–1930,” Journal of Legal Education, forthcomingGoogle Scholar.