¹ See, for example, Southern, David W, The Progressive Era and Race: Reaction and Reform, 1900-1917 (Arlington Heights, IL, 2005), 19.Google Scholar

² Fredrickson, George, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (New York, 1971)Google Scholar; Horsman, Reginald, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981)Google Scholar; Stanton, William, The Leopard's Spots: Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America, 1815-1859 (Chicago, 1960)Google Scholar. One could add to the discussion, for example, Reimers, David M., White Protestantism and the Negro (New York, 1965)Google Scholar and Wood, Forrest G., The Arrogance of Faith: Christianity and Race in American from the Colonial Era to the Twentieth Century (Boston, 1990), both cited in Blum's bibliographyGoogle Scholar.