¹ Classical Music in America: A History of its Rise and Fall (New York, 2005)Google Scholar; Wagner Nights: An American History (Berkeley, CA, 1994)Google Scholar; Understanding Toscanini: How He Became an American Culture-God and Helped Create a New Audience for Old Music (New York, 1987)Google Scholar. He maintains a blog at josephhorowitz.com.

² Horowitz addresses social control in “Music and the Gilded Age: Social Control and Sacralization Revisited,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 3 (July 2004): 227–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For studies that similarly diverge from the social control model, see Block, Adrienne Fried, Amy Beach, Passionate Victorian: The Life and Work of an American Composer, 1867–1944 (New York, 1998)Google Scholar; Cavicchi, Daniel, Listening and Longing: Music Lovers in the Age of Barnum (Middletown, CT, 2011)Google Scholar; Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E., Sound Diplomacy: Music and Emotions in Transatlantic Relations, 1850–1920 (Chicago, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Newman, Nancy, Good Music for a Free People: The Germania Musical Society in Nineteenth-Century America (Rochester, NY, 2010)Google Scholar; Spitzer, John, ed., American Orchestras in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.