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37 Bartolomé Captaneo, “La Travesía de los Andes en Aeroplano,” Caras y Caretas, Dec. 13, 1913, 47; Albert Hale, “Crossing the Andes by Aero and Auto,” Pan American Union Bulletin, Mar. 1914, 313–21.

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52 Mark Petersen, “The ‘Vanguard of Pan-Americanism’: Chile and Inter-American Multilateralism in the Early Twentieth Century,” in Cooperation and Hegemony in US-Latin American Relations, 113–14.

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56 Alan Hawley to John Barrett, Dec. 24, 1915, box 39, John Barrett Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC [henceforth Barrett Papers].

57 For some examples of Barrett's desire to cooperate with academics and business leaders, see Memorandum for the Press, Feb. 3, 1907, box 26, Barrett Papers; Extracts from Address of John Barrett Before the Annual Meeting of the Chamber of Commerce, Toledo, OH, Oct. 17, 1909, box 29, Barrett Papers.

58 “Aero Club's Tenth Annual Banquet,” Aerial Age Weekly, Jan. 10, 1916, 394.

59 Although aviation was not addressed during the First Pan American Scientific Congress, recommendations were made for its inclusion in the next congress. See Report of the Delegates of the United States to the Pan-American Scientific Conference Held at Santiago, Chile December 25, 1908, to January 5, 1909 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1909), 28Google Scholar. This was an authorless publication.

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63 “Aeroplanes to be Strongest Factor in Evolving Pan-Americanism,” Aerial Age Weekly, Jan. 10, 1916, 398; “Aeronautic Federation of the Western Hemisphere,” Pan American Union Bulletin, Feb. 1916, 208; “Aero Club Offers Trophy of $10,000,” New York Times, Jan. 5, 1916; “Pan-American Aero Prize,” Washington Post, Jan. 5, 1916; “Says Aero will Bind Americas,” Washington Herald, Jan. 4, 1916.

64 Dubuque Times Journal, Apr. 1, 1917.

65 Swiggett, “Proceedings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress,” vol. 11, 234–35.

66 “Aero Club of America Bulletin,” No. 186, Aug. 9, 1915, DA-198000-11, Technical Reference Files, National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC.

67 “The First Pan American Aviation Conference,” Pan American Union Bulletin, May 1916, 602–04.

68 “Aero Club of America Bulletin,” No. 91, Feb. 15, 1916, National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC. The ACA had a great deal of confidence in Pan-American initiatives. In another bulletin, it predicted that inter-American aviation would “be supported by the Federal Government, as anything that makes for Pan-Americanism is advocated.” See “Tentative Programme for the Aero Show and Convention of American Aeronautic Engineers,” undated, ca. 1915, DA-198000-11, Technical Reference Files, National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC.

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72 “Santos-Dumont en Buenos Aires,” Caras y Caretas, Apr. 8, 1916, 61; “Air Conquerors of Andes Made Heroes,” Washington Times, Aug. 6, 1916; Freudenthal, “Conquerors of Uspallata Pass,” 20.

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78 “Aeronautic Exposition,” Aero World, Dec. 1916, 85.

79 Henry Woodhouse to Thomas Edison, Jan. 6, 1917, Correspondence, Henry Woodhouse Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.

80 Woodrow Wilson to Augustus Post, Feb. 8, 1917, reel 146, Woodrow Wilson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC [henceforth Wilson Papers].

81 “President Wilson Opens Exposition by Wireless and Governor Whitman and Director-General Barrett with Hearty Addresses,” Aerial Age Weekly, Feb. 12, 1917, 572–73.

82 “The Aeronautic Exposition,” Aviation and Aeronautical Engineering, Feb. 15, 1917, 100–6; “The Pan American Aeronautic Exposition,” Motor Travel, Mar. 1917, 18.

83 “Weather Bureau Exhibit at the First Pan American Aeronautic Exposition,” Monthly Weather Review, Feb. 1917, 55.

84 “The Pan American Aeronautic Exposition,” Motor Travel, Mar. 1917, 12.

85 “First Pan-American Aeronautic Exposition,” Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Mar. 1917, 264.

86 On the Columbus attack and the U.S. response, see Raat, William and Brescia, Michael, Mexico and the United States: Ambivalent Vistas, 4th ed. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010), 124–26Google Scholar; .Hart, John M, Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico Since the Civil War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 329–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Katz, Friedrich, “Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico,” American Historical Review 83:1 (Feb. 1978): 101–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the use of airplanes during the expedition, see Vleck, Empire of Air, 54; Miller, Roger, A Preliminary to War: The 1st Aero Squadron and the Mexican Punitive Expedition of 1916 (Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 2003)Google Scholar; Stout, Joseph Jr., Border Conflict: Villistas, Carrancistas and the Punitive Expedition, 1915–1920 (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1999), 51Google Scholar.

87 “We Need Aeroplanes,” New York Times, Apr. 4, 1916; “Aviation and the Army,” The Outlook, Apr. 5, 1916, 774; “A Few of the Many Editorials that Have Appeared in the Press Condemning Aerial Unpreparedness,” Flying, Apr. 1916, 106–7; Henry Woodhouse, “No Aeroplanes for Mexican Campaign!,” Flying, May 1916, 151–52.

88 Thomas, Robert and Allen, Inez, The Mexican Punitive Expedition Under Brigadier General John J. Pershing, United States Army, 1916–1917 (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1954), V5Google Scholar. A Dutch newspaper claimed that the aircraft used during the expedition “satisfied badly” and represented how backward the U.S. aviation industry was in comparison to its European competitors. See Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, Oct. 16, 1917, enclosed in John W. Garrett to Robert Lansing, Oct. 30, 1917, file 763.72/7808, roll 62, Central Decimal Files, 1910–1963, General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives, College Park, MD.

89 Henry Woodhouse, “Achievements in American Aeronautics in 1916,” Burlington Daily News (Vermont), Dec. 30, 1916.

90 “Sees Evolution in Mexico,” New York Times, Apr. 10, 1916; Pan American Magazine, Jun. 1916, 65–67; Washington Evening Star, Aug. 5, 1916.

91 Ellery Sedgwick to Viscount James Bryce, Feb. 2, 1916, reel 73, Viscount James Bryce Papers, Weston Library, Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

92 “Pan-Americanism,” The New Republic, Dec. 19, 1914, 9–10.

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101 “Ultimo Esforço da Allemanha para Conquistar a Supremacia nos Ares,” O Espelho: Jornal Illustrado, Feb. 1916, 12–13. O Espelho was published in London by the Brazilian Associated Press and ran between 1914 and 1919.

102 Kaempffert, Waldemar, “The Aeroplane of To-Day: What the War Has Done for Its Development,” American Review of Reviews 53:3 (Mar. 1916): 304Google Scholar.

103 “Tenth Annual Banquet of the Aero Club of America,” Flying, Feb. 1916, 15–17; Woodhouse, Henry, “We Need Two Thousand Aeroplanes and Have but Twelve: What are you Going to do About It?,” in Proceedings of the National Security Congress Under the Auspices of the National Security League (New York: National Security League, 1916), 180–93Google Scholar; Hart, Albert Bushnell and Lovejoy, Arthur, Handbook of the War for Public Speakers (New York: National Security League, 1918), 83Google Scholar. See also Coffman, Edward, The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1968), 189Google Scholar.

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105 Alan Hawley to Woodrow Wilson, May 25, 1916, reel 327, Wilson Papers.

106 “Appeals to Senate for Aero Defense,” Washington Times, Feb. 22, 1915.

107 “Aeroplane Over Canal Causes Stir in Panama,” Los Angeles Times, Mar. 27, 1915.

108 “To Organize an Aero Club of Hawaii,” Aviation, Sep. 15, 1916, 127.

109 “1,000,000 Bullets a Day Made Here,” New York Times, Jan. 22, 1915; “Preparedness,” Flying, Nov. 1915, 749–50.

110 Some examples include Theodore Roosevelt to Joseph Cannon, Dec. 27, 1904, in The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 4, ed. Morison, Elting (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951), 1,080–81Google Scholar; Alfred Thayer Mahan to Charles Stewart, Mar. 19, 1909, in Letters and Papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan, vol. 3, ed. Seager, Robert and Maguire, Doris (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1975), 290–92Google Scholar; Perry Belmont, “The Theory of Divine Right and the Principle of the Monroe Doctrine,” Seven Seas, Aug. 1915, 5–9; Joseph Choate to Solomon Stanwood Menken, Jan. 21, 1916, box 22, Joseph Choate Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Hart, Albert Bushnell, “Naval Defense of the Monroe Doctrine,” Addresses Before the Eighth Annual Convention of the Navy League of the United States Washington, DC, April 10–13, 1916 (Washington, DC: Navy Printing Co., 1916), 24–36Google Scholar.

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112 Theron Lowel Brant, “Our War with Germany,” Flying, Sep. 1913, 13–15. War-scare and invasion literature was a common manifestation of the German Peril both before and during the First World War. Other examples include Hugh Johnson, “The Lamb Rampant,” Everybody's Magazine, Mar. 1908, 291–301; Hancock, H. Irving, The Invasion of the United States; Or, Uncle Sam's Boys at the Capture of Boston (Philadelphia, PA: Henry Altemus Company, 1916)Google Scholar.

113 Edward Marshall, “Day of Travel by Dirigible is Close at Hand,” Washington Evening Star, June 22, 1919.

114 “Developing the Practical Utility of Aviation in South America,” Pan American Union Bulletin, Nov. 1916, 619–31.

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120 Newton, “Aviation Rivalry in Latin America,” 351.

121 “Secretary of War Baker Opens Second Pan-American Aeronautic Convention, Exposition and Contests by Wireless,” Aerial Age Weekly, May 5, 1919, 373.

122 Alan Hawley, “The Future of Aeronautics,” The Outlook, June 11, 1919, 247–48.

123 “Baker Greets Aero Meet by Wireless,” Evening Public Ledger (Philadelphia), May 1, 1919.

124 Robie, For the Greatest Achievement, 96–97.

125 “Second Pan American Aeronautic Convention,” Pan American Union Bulletin, Apr. 1919, 443; “Second Pan-American Aeronautic Convention,” Aerial Age Weekly, May 19, 1919, 479.

126 “Second Pan-American Aeronautic Convention Great Success,” Aerial Age Weekly, May 12, 1919, 427.

127 Report of American Aviation Mission, Jul. 19, 1919 enclosed in Winston Churchill to War Cabinet, Sep. 26, 1919, CAB 24/89/31, The National Archives, Kew, London, UK.

128 Minutes of the Meeting of the Show Committee, Jan. 31, 1919, box 297, Manufacturers Aircraft Association Records, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY [henceforth MAA Records]; Manufacturers Aircraft Association, Aircraft Year Book 1920 (New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1920), 140–46Google Scholar.

129 Manufacturers Aircraft Association to Francisco Yanes, Feb. 19, 1920, box 80, MAA Records; and Franklin Adams to Samuel Bradley, Feb. 25, 1920, box 80, MAA Records.

130 John Barrett to Samuel Bradley, Mar. 4, 1920, box 80, MAA Records.

131 “Air Lines to Join Two Americas,” New York Sun and Herald, Mar. 8, 1920. Yanes was understandably irritated by the newspaper's decision to ignore his speech and was forced to ask the MAA to return his original paper copy in the absence of a press clipping.: See Francisco Yanes to Luther Bell, Mar. 10, 1920, box 80, MAA Records.

132 “Air Mail Routes,” Air Service Journal, Dec. 14, 1918, 1–2.

133 Fifth Annual Report of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 1919 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920), 40Google Scholar.

134 C.W. Webster, “Aviation in South America,” Flying, Jan. 1920, 986–87.

135 “Aviation in the United States,” Pan American Union Bulletin, June 1919, 669–82.

136 Threlkeld, Megan, “The Pan American Conference of Women, 1922: Successful Suffragists Turn to International Relations,” Diplomatic History 31:5 (Nov. 2007): 801–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Report of the Delegation from the United States of America to the Sixth International Sanitary Conference (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920)Google Scholar.

137 Inman, Samuel Guy, “Pan-American Unity in the Making,” Current History 18:6 (1923): 919–25Google Scholar.

138 On U.S. military interventions in Central America and the Caribbean under Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge, see Neagle, Michael, “US Policies Toward Latin America,” in A Companion to Woodrow Wilson, ed. Kennedy, Ross (New York: Wiley & Sons, 2013), 206–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Loveman, Brian, No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere since 1776 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 228Google Scholar; Grieb, Kenneth, The Latin American Policy of Warren G. Harding (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1976), 1–13Google Scholar.