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Quantifying Cognitive Reserve in Older Adults by Decomposing Episodic Memory Variance: Replication and Extension

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2013

Laura B. Zahodne ,
Jennifer J. Manly ,
Adam M. Brickman ,
Karen L. Siedlecki ,
Charles DeCarli  and
Yaakov Stern
Laura B. Zahodne
Affiliation:
Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
Jennifer J. Manly
Affiliation:
Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
Adam M. Brickman
Affiliation:
Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
Karen L. Siedlecki
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, New York
Charles DeCarli
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
Yaakov Stern*
Affiliation:
Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Yaakov Stern, Columbia University, Sergievsky Center/Taub Institute, 630 168th Street, P & S Box 16, New York, NY 10032. E-mail: ys11@columbia.edu
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Abstract

The theory of cognitive reserve attempts to explain why some individuals are more resilient to age-related brain pathology. Efforts to explore reserve have been hindered by measurement difficulties. Reed et al. (2010) proposed quantifying reserve as residual variance in episodic memory performance that remains after accounting for demographic factors and brain pathology (whole brain, hippocampal, and white matter hyperintensity volumes). This residual variance represents the discrepancy between an individual's predicted and actual memory performance. The goals of the present study were to extend these methods to a larger, community-based sample and to investigate whether the residual reserve variable is explained by age, predicts longitudinal changes in language, and predicts dementia conversion independent of age. Results support this operational measure of reserve. The residual reserve variable was associated with higher reading ability, lower likelihood of meeting criteria for mild cognitive impairment, lower odds of dementia conversion independent of age, and less decline in language abilities over 3 years. Finally, the residual reserve variable moderated the negative impact of memory variance explained by brain pathology on language decline. This method has the potential to facilitate research on the mechanisms of cognitive reserve and the efficacy of interventions designed to impart reserve. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–9)

Keywords

CognitionAgingMild cognitive impairmentDementiaStatistical modelsMagnetic resonance imaging
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 19 , Issue 8 , September 2013 , pp. 854 - 862
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2013 

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