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The association between marine bathing and infectious diseases– a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 January 2016

Nicholas Young
Nicholas Young*
Affiliation:
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Public Health England, Exeter, UK
*
Correspondence should be addressed to:N. Young, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK email: nick.young@phe.gov.uk
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Abstract

Worldwide, infectious diseases represent a leading cause of death and disability. Exposure to the ocean, whether through recreation or occupation, represents a potentially significant, but poorly understood, source of infectious diseases in man. This review describes the potential mechanisms whereby marine bathing could lead to infectious diseases in man. Sources of pathogens in the marine environment are described, including human sewage, animal sources, fellow bathers and indigenous marine organisms. The epidemiological evidence for the association between marine bathing and infectious disease is presented, including a consideration of the differing relationship between faecal indicator bacteria levels and illness at point source compared with non-point source settings. Estimating the burden of infectious disease is reliant on public health surveillance, both formal and informal, which is described from a UK perspective in this review. Potential emerging threats at the marine–human interface are discussed, including infections caused by Shewanella and Vibrio bacteria, and the presence of human pathogens in the marine environment that are resistant to antimicrobials.

Keywords

infectious diseasemarine pollutionfaecal indicator bacteriaemerging infections
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 96 , Issue 1: Oceans and Human Health , February 2016 , pp. 93 - 100
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2016 

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