Article contents
‘Insolence and pride’: problems with the representation of the South-East Asian Portuguese communities in Alexander Hamilton's ‘A New Account of the East Indies’ (1727)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 April 2009
Abstract
One of the most influential European printed sources on South-East Asia at the turn of the eighteenth century was the Scottish sea-captain Alexander Hamilton's memoirs. The picture he paints of the Portuguese communities that had existed since the period of Portuguese ascendancy in the sixteenth century is overwhelmingly negative. But a close textual and empirical analysis of his text shows that not only was he frequently misinformed in terms of the historical developments relating to that community, but that he merely conforms to a set of standard rhetorical tropes we can associate with the Black Legend, which had grown up in Protestant countries of northern Europe since the 16th century to denigrate Portugal and her achievements. This article urges that this key text consequently be used with far greater circumspection than has hitherto been the case.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 2009
Footnotes
The author is a lecturer in the Department of History at Swansea University where he teaches early modern world history with a specialisation in Portuguese overseas history. His research interests are broadly related to European expansion and the encounter of different civilisations. He is particularly interested in the Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean world, and the proto-colonial political and social configurations that engendered. He is completing a book entitled ‘Unleashing Desires: Portugal and the European Spice Trade, 1480–1580’. E-mail: S.Halikowski-Smith@swansea.ac.uk.
References
2 Alexander Hamilton, A New Account of the East Indies, ed. Sir William Foster, 1930; Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. Smithies, M., (Chiang Mai, 1997)Google Scholar.
3 Batavia, in deszelfs gelegenheid, opkomst, voortreffelyke gebouwen, hooge en laage regeering, geschiedenissen, kerkzaaken, koophandel, zeden, luchtgesteldheid, ziekten, dieren en gewassen (Amsterdam, 1799), vol. III, p. 96.
4 Hamilton, Alexander, A New Account of the East Indies, being the Observations and Remarks of Capt. Alexander Hamilton, who spent his time there from the year 1688 to 1723 (Edinburgh, 1727), p. xiiGoogle Scholar.
5 Mentz, S., ‘English private trade on the Coromandel Coast, 1660–1690’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 33, no. 2, (1996), p. 156CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Collis, M. confirms that profits to be made on the country trade were “normal trading profits, not the huge margins shown by exchange with England”, Siamese White (London, 1936), p. 26Google Scholar.
6 The National Archives, London, C108/51.
7 Furber, H., John Company at Work (Cambridge, Mass., 1951), p. 9Google Scholar.
8 Parry, J.H., Trade and Dominion. The European Overseas Empires in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1971), p. 68Google Scholar; Dalton, C. N., The Life of Thomas Pitt (Cambridge, 1915), pp. 272–286Google Scholar.
9 McPherson, Kenneth, ‘Enemies or Friends? The Portuguese, the British and the Survival of Portuguese Commerce in the Bay of Bengal and Southeast Asia from the Late Seventeenth to the Late Nineteenth Century’, in ed. Dutra, F., The Portuguese and the Pacific, (Santa Barbara Center for Portuguese Studies, 1995), pp. 211–238Google Scholar; K. McPherson, ‘Anglo-Portuguese Commercial Relations in the Eastern Indian Ocean from the Seventeenth to the Eighteenth Centuries’, South Asia, XIX (1996), pp. 41–57; McPherson, K., ‘Staying on: reflections on the survival of Portuguese enterprise in the Bay of Bengal and Southeast Asia from the seventeenth to eighteenth century’, in Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka area and adjacent regions (16th to 18th century), ed. Borschberg, P. (Wiesbaden, 2004), pp. 63–93Google Scholar.
10 Ames, G., Renascent empire? The House of Braganza and the quest for stability in Portuguese monsoon Asia, c. 1640–1683, (Amsterdam, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
11 Barendse, R., The Arabian Seas. The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century (Armonk, New York, 2002), p. 352Google Scholar.
12 McPherson, K., ‘Enemies or Friends? The Portuguese, the British and the Survival of Portuguese Commerce in the Bay of Bengal and Southeast Asia from the Late Seventeenth to the Late Nineteenth Century’, in ed. Dutra, F., The Portuguese and the Pacific, (Santa Barbara Center for Portuguese Studies, 1995), pp. 211–238Google Scholar.
13 R.M. Puga, ‘Macau enquanto cronótopo exótico na literature inglesa’, in Actas do I Congresso Internacional de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses, Lisboa, 6–8 de Maio de 2001.
14 Winius, G., ‘Embassies from Malacca and the ‘Shadow Empire’’, in Proceedings of the International Colloquium on the Portuguese and the Pacific eds. Dutra, F. and dos Santos, J. Camilo, (Santa Barbara, 1995), pp. 170–178Google Scholar.
15 de Barros, J., Diálogo em louvor da nossa linguagem (1540) ed. Carvalhão, Maria Leonor (Lisbon, 1971), p. 405Google Scholar.
16 Dampier, W., A collection of voyages. . . Illustrated with maps and draughts: also several birds, fishes, and plants (London, 1729), vol. 1, p. 47Google Scholar.
17 Alexander Hamilton, A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. Smithies, M. (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 191Google Scholar.
18 Goa Archives (Panjim), Livros dos Monções do Reino, Livro 28 A, fls. 250 ff.
19 Hamilton, Alexander. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. Smithies, M. (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 154Google Scholar.
20 Van der Cruysse, D., Siam and the West, 1500–1700, trans. Smithies, M. (Seattle, 2002), pp. 149–150Google Scholar.
21 Ponchaud, F., La cathédrale et la rizière: 450 ans d'histoire de l'église au Cambodge (Paris, 1990), p. 36Google Scholar.
22 Archives Missions Étrangères, Paris, vol. 121, p. 635; Chappoulie, Henri A., Aux origines d'une église. Rome et les missions d'Indochine au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1943), p. 137Google Scholar.
23 Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, Lisbon, India, Caixa 29, Doc. 151; Caixa 32, Doc. 6.
24 Le Blanc, Marcel, Histoire de la révolution de siam Arrivée en l'année 1688 (Lyon, 1692)Google Scholar.
25 Choisy, Abbé de, Journal du Voyage de Siam fait en 1685 en 1686 par M.D.L.C. (Paris, 1687), p. 241Google Scholar.
26 de Palys, Comte, Un Breton en Indochine au XVIIIe siècle. Notice sur Monseigneur de Cicé, Evêque de Sabula, Vicaire Apostolique de Siam, (Vannes, 1892)Google Scholar.
27 Launay, Adrien (ed.), Histoire de la Mission de Siam, 1662–1811: Documents Historiques (Paris, 1920), vol. 3, p. 114Google Scholar.
28 ‘Carta Annua do año de 1675’, Biblioteca de Ajuda [Jesuítas na Ásia], 49-V-33, 208v-209v.
29 L. Chevreuil, Relation des missions des eveques aux royaumes de Siam, de la Cochinchine, de Camboye, & du Tonkin. . .etc. (Paris, 1674).
30 Launay, Adrien (ed.), Histoire de la Mission de Siam, 1662–1811: Documents Historiques (Paris, 1920), vol. 3, pp. 176–177Google Scholar. Also Ponchaud, p. 48.
31 Hamilton considered, for example, Theravada Buddhism a ‘polytheistic’ religion, ascribing names to the ‘gilded images’ in temples which scholars have been unable to make sense of, SirFoster, W. (ed.), A New Account of the East Indies by Alexander Hamilton, (London, 1930), vol. II, p. 86Google Scholar.
32 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. Smithies, M., (Chiang Mai, 1997), pp. 10, 56–57Google Scholar.
33 See, for example, Flores, Maria da Conceição Ferreira, Os Portugueses e o Sião no século XVI, (Lisbon, 1995)Google Scholar; Ferreira, Maria da Conceição, ‘Portuguese relations with Siam’, in Dutra, F. ed., The Portuguese in the Pacific. Santa Barbara, CA, Center for Portuguese Studies, University of California, 1995, p. 68Google Scholar. M.A.M. Guedes. Interferência e Integração dos Portuguese na Birmânia (Lisbon, 1994).
34 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. Smithies, M., (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 57Google Scholar.
35 Maltby, W.S., The Black Legend in England. The development of anti-Spanish sentiment, (Durham, N.C., 1971)Google Scholar; Steele, C., English Interpreters of the Iberian New World from Purchas to Stevens, 1603–1726 (Oxford, 1975)Google Scholar; J. Robinson, ‘Anti-Hispanic Bias in British Historiography’, Hispania Sacra, 1992, pp. 21–46; Winius, G., The Black Legend of Portuguese India (New Delhi, 1985)Google Scholar.
36 Maltby, W.S., The Black Legend in England. The development of anti-Spanish sentiment, (Durham, N.C., 1971), p. 41Google Scholar.
37 Dampier, W., A collection of voyages. . . Illustrated with maps and draughts: also several birds, fishes, and plants (London, 1729), vol. II, p. 161Google Scholar.
38 Fryer, J., A New Account of East India and Persia: being nine years’ travels, 1672–1681, ed. Crooke, William (London, 1909–15), vol. 1, p. 115Google Scholar.
39 Jangkung, Mur, Jan Pieterszoon Koen, ed. Hermanu, , (Yogyakarta, 2005)Google Scholar. I thank Manneke Budiman and Lutfi Retno Wahyudyanti for their help with this reference; Bocarro, A., Década 13 da História da India, ed. Felner, Rodrigo Jose de Lima <http://www.worldcat.org>, (Lisbon, 1876), vol. 1 p. 130Google Scholar; Mourinho, M. de Abre, Breve Discurso em que se conta a conquista do Reino do Pegú, (Barcelos, 1936)Google Scholar.
40 Pinto, F. Mendes, Peregrinação, ed. Aguas, Neves (Mem Martins, 1995), caps. CLXXII, CCGoogle Scholar.
41 do Couto, D., Décadas da Asia (Lisboa, 1778–1788), caps. I-III, VII-VIIIGoogle Scholar.
42 de Barros, J., Décadas da Ásia (1552-) (Lisbon, 1998), VI, p. 64Google Scholar.
43 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. M. Smithies, (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 14. Couto, D., Décadas da Asia (Lisbon, 1736), vol. I, Década VII, Libro II, Capitulo V, pp. 46–50Google Scholar.
44 Moreland, W. H. (ed.), Peter Floris. His Voyage to the East Indies in the Globe, 1611–1615: the contemporary translation of his journal (London, 1934), pp. 52–55Google Scholar.
45 Freyre, G., Casa-Grande & senzala: formação da família brasileira sob o regime de economia patriarcal (Rio de Janeiro, 1933)Google Scholar; Defoe, D., ‘A Description of the islands of St. Thomé, Del Principe and Annabono’, in Defoe, A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), p. 190Google Scholar.
46 Winius, G., ‘Portuguese travels and influence at the corner of Asia’, in Portugal the Pathfinder, ed. Winius, G. (Madison, 1995), p. 222Google Scholar; Catz, R., Sátira e Anti-Cruzada na ‘Peregrinação’ (Lisbon, 1981)Google Scholar.
47 Lieberman, V.B., ‘Europeans, trade and the Unification of Burma, c.1540–1620’, Oriens Extremus, XXVII, (1980), p. 2Google Scholar.
48 LeGentil, G., Les Portugais en Extrème Orient: Fernão Mendes Pinto, un précurseur de l'exotisme au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1947), p. 102Google Scholar.
49 Pinto, F. Mendes, The Peregrination, ed. Catz, R. (Manchester, 1992), p. 75Google Scholar.
50 Dampier, W., A collection of voyages. . . Illustrated with maps and draughts: also several birds, fishes, and plants (London, 1729), vol. II, p. 162Google Scholar.
51 CaptainOwen, W.F.W., , R.N.Narrative of Voyages to explore the shores of Africa, Arabia and Madagascar. (London, 1833), vol. I, pp. 416–417Google Scholar.
52 Subrahmanyam, S., Improvising Empire: Portuguese trade and settlement in the Bay of Bengal 1500–1700 (Delhi/Oxford, 1990), p. 10Google Scholar.
53 Flores, M. da Conceição Ferreira, Mercenaires Portugais au Siam et au Cambodge pendant le XVI siècle (Lisbon, 1989)Google Scholar.
54 C.R. Boxer, ‘The Spaniards in Cambodia, 1595–1599’, History Today, 21, no. 4, (Apr. 1971), pp. 280–287; Ponchaud, F., La cathédrale et la rizière: 450 ans d'histoire de l'église au Cambodge (Paris, 1990), pp. 25, 30Google Scholar.
55 C.J. Socarrás, ‘The Portuguese in Lower Burma. Felipe de Brito e Nicote’, Luso-Brazilian Review, (December 1966), pp. 3–24.
56 Sánchez-Albornoz, C., España, un enigma histórico (Buenos Aires, 1962), vol. I, p. 677–78Google Scholar.
57 Crawfurd, J., Journal of an embassy from the Governor-General of India to the courts of Siam and Cochin-China: exhibiting a view of the actual state of those kingdoms (London, 1828), p. 101Google Scholar.
58 Van Vliet, J., ‘Description of the Kingdom of Siam’, ed. van Ravenswaay, L.F., in Journal of the Siam Society, 7/1 (1910), p. 54Google Scholar.
59 Smith, S. Halikowski, ‘La fuite de la ‘tribu’ Portugaise de Macassar en Indochine, 1667–1782’, in Actes du 3ème congrès du Réseau Asie-IMASIE (Paris, 2007)Google Scholar.
60 Archives Missions Étrangères, Paris, vol. 121; Launay, A., Histoire de la Mission de Cochinchine. Documents historiques (1658–1728) (Paris, 1923), vol. 1, p. 70Google Scholar. Jacobs, Hubert (ed.), The Jesuit Makasar Documents (Rome, 1988), p. 6Google Scholar.
61 Biblioteca de Ajuda, Lisbon, Livro do principio, p. 78.
62 Catz, R. (ed.), Cartas de Fernão Mendes Pinto e outros documentos (Lisbon, Biblioteca Nacional/Editorial Presença, 1983), pp. 43–44Google Scholar; Certidão dos Christãos de Columpe em fauor dos Padres que assistiram em Camboja, (Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu, Rome 1677), Jap./Sin., T. 76., fl. 440; Gervaise, N., The Natural and Political History of the Kingdom of Siam ed. Villiers, J. (Bangkok, 1989), p. 46Google Scholar.
63 Wicki, J. (ed.), Documenta Indica (Rome, 1964), 32Google Scholar; Payne, C.H. (ed.), Jahangir and the Jesuits. From the Relations of Father Fernão Guerreiro, S.J., (London, 1930), p. 251Google Scholar.
64 Ponchaud, F., La cathédrale et la rizière: 450 ans d'histoire de l'église au Cambodge (Paris, 1990)Google Scholar.
65 Biermann, B., ‘Die Missionen der portugiesischen Dominikaner in Hinterindien’, Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft, 21 (1931), pp. 319 ffGoogle Scholar.
66 Biblioteca de Ajuda, Lisbon, JA/49-IV–66, fls. 77v-84v.
67 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. Smithies, M., (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 37Google Scholar.
68 Pinto, F. Mendes, Peregrinação, eds. Pimpão, Alvaro Júlio da Costa, Pegado, César (Porto, 1944–1945), vol. VI, pp. 17–18Google Scholar.
69 A. Hamilton, A New Account of the East Indies, being the Observations and Remarks of Capt. Alexander Hamilton, who spent his time there from the year 1688 to 1723 (Edinburgh, 1727), vol. 2, p. 63, p. 166.
70 Dampier, W., A collection of voyages. . . Illustrated with maps and draughts: also several birds, fishes, and plants (London, 1729), vol. II, p. 162Google Scholar.
71 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. M. Smithies, (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 154.
72 Coolhaas, W.P., Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Radan aan Heeren XVII der Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (‘S-Gravenhage, 1960-), vol. II, pp. 334–335, 374Google Scholar; Heeres, J.E., Bouwstoffen voor de geschiedenis der Nederlandens in den Maleischen Archipel (The Hague, 1895), vol. III, pp. 455, 457Google Scholar.
73 F. Garnier, ‘Chronique royale du Cambodje’, in Journal Asiatique, (Paris, 1872).
74 Boxer, C.R., ‘The Spaniards in Cambodia, 1595–1599’, History Today, 21, no. 4 (Apr. 1971), pp. 280–287.1971Google Scholar.
75 Meunier, D., Histoire du Cambodge (Paris, 1961), p. 102Google Scholar.
76 J. Népote, ‘The Portuguese, Cambodia and the Mekong valley: the Logic of a Discovery’, in Proceedings of the International Colloquium on the Portuguese and the Pacific. Santa Barbara, Center for Portuguese Studies, 1995, ed. F. Dutra, p. 122.
77 Gervaise, N., The Natural and Political History of the Kingdom of Siam, (1688), trans. & ed. Villiers, John (Bangkok, 1989), pp. 58, 61–63Google Scholar.
78 McPherson, K., ‘Enemies or Friends? The Portuguese, the British and the Survival of Portuguese Commerce in the Bay of Bengal and Southeast Asia from the Late Seventeenth to the Late Nineteenth Century’, in The Portuguese and the Pacific, ed. Dutra, F. (Santa Barbara Center for Portuguese Studies, 1995), pp. 221–222Google Scholar.
79 Chew, Anne-May, The cave-temples of Po Win Taung, central Burma: architecture, sculpture and murals, (Bangkok, 2005)Google Scholar.
80 Gervaise, N., The Natural and Political History of the Kingdom of Siam, (1688), trans. & ed. Villiers, John (Bangkok, 1989), p. 200Google Scholar.
81 Farrington, A. & na Pombejra, D., The English Factory in Siam, 1612–1685, (London, 2007), i, p. 350Google Scholar.
82 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. M. Smithies, (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 190.
83 de La Loubère, S., A New Historical Relation, of the Kingdom of Siam by Monsieur De La Loubère, Envoy Extraordinary from the French King, to the King of Siam, in the years 1687 and 1688, ed. Wyatt, D. (Singapore, 1986), p. 112Google Scholar.
84 SirFoster, W. (ed.), A New Account of the East Indies by Alexander Hamilton, (London, 1930), vol. II, p. 99Google Scholar.
85 McPherson, K., ‘Enemies or Friends? The Portuguese, the British and the Survival of Portuguese Commerce in the Bay of Bengal and Southeast Asia from the Late Seventeenth to the Late Nineteenth Century’ in The Portuguese and the Pacific (Santa Barbara Center for Portuguese Studies, 1995), ed. Dutra, F., p. 226Google Scholar.
86 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. M. Smithies, (Chiang Mai, 1997), pp. 56–57.
87 McRoberts, R.W., ‘An examination of the fall of Malacca in 1511’, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 57 (1), 1984, pp. 26–40Google Scholar.
88 Thomaz, L.F.F.R., ‘La prise de Malaca par les Portugais vue par les Malais (d'après le manuscript Raffles 32 de la Royal Asiatic Society)’, in Studies on Cultural Contact and Textual Interpretation: 4th European colloquium on Malay and Indonesian studies: Selected papers (Leiden, 1986)Google Scholar.
89 Pianet, H., Histoire de la mission au Cambodge, 1552–1852, (Hong Kong, 1929), pp. 20–21Google Scholar.
90 Leupe, P.A., ‘The Siege and Capture of Malacca from the Portuguese in 1640–1641’, Journal of Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 14.1 (1936), p. iiiGoogle Scholar.
91 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. M. Smithies, (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 58.
92 British Library, Raffles-Minto ms. collection, vol. 3, Eur.F.148/3.
93 Marx, K., Capital. A critical analysis of Capitalistic Production, (London, 1970), vol. I, p. 704Google Scholar.
94 Boxer, C.R., Jan Compagnie in War and Peace (Hong Kong, 1979), pp. 14, 16Google Scholar.
95 Vlekke, B.H.M., Nusantara, . A History of the East Indian Archipelago (Cambridge, Mass., 1943), vol. I, p. 250Google Scholar.
96 Batavia, in deszelfs gelegenheid, opkomst, voortreffelyke gebouwen, hooge en laage regeering, geschiedenissen, kerkzaaken, koophandel, zeden, luchtgesteldheid, ziekten, dieren en gewassen (Amsterdam, 1799), vol. 3, p. 96.
97 Leupe, P.A., ‘The Siege and Capture of Malacca from the Portuguese in 1640–1641’, Journal of Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 14.1 (1936), p. 44Google Scholar.
98 Leupe, P.A., ‘The Siege and Capture of Malacca from the Portuguese in 1640–1641’, Journal of Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 14.1 (1936), p. 47Google Scholar.
99 de Santa Cruz, B., Tomo Segundo de la Historia de la Provincia del Santo Rosario de Filipinas, Japon, y China, del Sagrado Orden de Predicadores (Zaragoza, 1693), ch. 28Google Scholar.
100 Dampier, W., A collection of voyages. . . Illustrated with maps and draughts: also several birds, fishes, and plants (London, 1729), vol. II, p. 161–2Google Scholar.
101 , L. & Andaya, B., A history of Malaysia (New York, 1982), p. 69Google Scholar; Andaya, L.Y., The Kingdom of Johor, 1641–1728 (Kuala Lumpur, 1975)Google Scholar.
102 Batavia, in deszelfs gelegenheid, opkomst, voortreffelyke gebouwen, hooge en laage regeering, geschiedenissen, kerkzaaken, koophandel, zeden, luchtgesteldheid, ziekten, dieren en gewassen (Amsterdam, 1799), vol. 3, p. 96.
103 Ahmad, Kassim (ed.), Hiyakat Hang Tuah (Kuala Lumpur, 1966), pp. 490–491Google Scholar.
104 Bataviaasche Uitgaande Briefboecken, Kolonial Archief, fols. 589–590.
105 Leupe, ‘The Siege and Capture of Malacca from the Portuguese in 1640–1641’, Journal of Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 14.1 (1936), p. 15.
106 Bataviaasche Uitgaande Briefboecken, Kolonial Archief, fol. 138.
107 L. & B. Andaya, A history of Malaysia (New York, 1982), p. 69.
108 I. Commelin, Begin ende Voortgangh van de Vereenighde Nederlantsche Geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische Compagnie. Vervatende de voornaemste Reysen, by de inwoonderen der selver Provintien derwaerts gedaen. . .: gedruckt in den jare 1646 (Amsterdam, 1646), 2 parts.
109 M. de Faria y, Sousa, Ásia Portuguesa (written 1666–1675) (Porto, 1945–47), vol. VI, cap. XIGoogle Scholar.
110 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. Smithies, M., (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 124Google Scholar.
111 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. M. Smithies, (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 124, fn. 1.
112 Dampier, W., A voyage to New Holland, &c. in the year, 1699. Wherein are described, the Canary-Islands, the Isles of Mayo and St Jago. The Bay of All Saints . . . London, 1703, PrefaceGoogle Scholar.
113 Boxer, C.R., António Coelho Guerreiro e as Relações entre Macau e Timor no começo do século XVIII. (Macau, 1940)Google Scholar.
114 Martins, P.M., Percorrendo O Oriente. A vida de Antónlo de Albuquerque Coelho (1682–1745), (Lisbon, 1998), p. 72Google Scholar.
115 Sousa, G.B., The survival of empire. Portuguese trade and society in the South China Sea, 1630–1754 (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 181–182Google Scholar.
116 Coolhaas, W.P., Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Radan aan Heeren XVII der Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (‘S-Gravenhage, 1960-), V, p. 397Google Scholar.
117 Rau, V. (ed.), O ‘Livro de Rezão’ de António Coelho Guerreiro (Lisbon, 1956), pp. 21–23, 90–93Google Scholar.
118 Boxer, C.R., Fidalgos in the Far East (Hong Kong/London, 1968), p. 187 ffGoogle Scholar.
119 Frei Inancio de Santa Teresa.., Boxer mss. II, Lilly Library, Indiana University.
120 Boxer, C.R., Fidalgos in the Far East (Hong Kong/London, 1968), p. 187Google Scholar.
121 Boxer, C.R., Fidalgos in the Far East (Hong Kong/London, 1968)Google Scholar.
122 A. T. de Matos, ‘D. Frei Manuel de Santo Antonio: missionário e primeiro bispo residente em Timor. Biografia (1660–1733)’, in Camões. Revista de Letras e Culturas Lusofonas, no. 14, (July-September 2001), pp. 106–112.
123 Vansina, J., Oral Tradition. A Study in Historical Methodology, (London, 1961)Google Scholar.
124 Macartney, Earl G., An Embassy to China. Being the Journal Kept by Lord Macartney during his Embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung, 1793–1794 (London, 1962), entry for Jan. 2–7, 1794Google Scholar.
125 Ames, G., Renascent empire? The House of Braganza and the quest for stability in Portuguese monsoon Asia, c. 1640–1683, (Amsterdam, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; J.M. Flores, ‘Relic or Springboard? A Note on the Rebirth of Portuguese Hughli, ca. 1620–1820’. Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 39, no. 4 (2002), pp. 381–395.
126 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. M. Smithies, (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 18.
127 A.N.T.T. J.d.T., m. 3; A.N.T.T., J.d.T, m. 2; Love, H.D., Vestiges of Old Madras, (London, 1913), i, pp. 34–35Google Scholar. Nationaalarchief, The Hague. koloniaal Archief 2978, pp. 89–90.
128 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. Smithies, M., (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 191Google Scholar.
129 de Bourges, J., Relation du Voyage de Mgr. Béryte (Paris, 1666), pp. 171–172Google Scholar.
130 Moreland, W. H. (ed.), Peter Floris. His Voyage to the East Indies in the Globe, 1611–1615: the contemporary translation of his journal (London, 1934), p. 17Google Scholar.
131 Duvyendak, J.J.L., ‘The Last Dutch Embassy to the Chinese Court (1794–1795)’, T'oung Pao, 34, no. 1–2, 1938, p. 42Google Scholar.
132 Dampier, W., A collection of voyages. . . Illustrated with maps and draughts: also several birds, fishes, and plants (London, 1729), vol. 1, p. 307Google Scholar.
133 Kaempfer, E., History of Japan, Together with a Description of the Kingdom of Siam (Glasgow, 1906), vol. I, pp. 15–17Google Scholar.
134 Quiason, S.D., English “country trade” with the Philippines, 1644–1765 (Quezon City, 1966), pp. 42–44Google Scholar.
135 A. Hamilton, A New Account of the East Indies, being the Observations and Remarks of Capt. Alexander Hamilton, who spent his time there from the year 1688 to 1723 (Edinburgh, 1727), pp. v & xxvii.
136 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. M. Smithies, (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 125.
137 Alexander Hamilton. A Scottish Sea Captain in Southeast Asia, 1689–1723, ed. M. Smithies, (Chiang Mai, 1997), p. 195.
138 See, for example, C.E.A.W.O. in The Geographical Journal, February 1931, vol. 77, no. 2, p. 195.
139 Ovington, W., A Voyage to Suratt in the Year 1689 giving a large account of that city and its inhabitants and of the English factory there; likewise a description of Madiera, St. Jago, Annobon, Cabenda, and Malemba (London, 1696), pp. 18–22Google Scholar; J. Schouten, ‘A report by Commissary Justus Schouten of his visit to Malacca, including an account of the past and present of that city together with some suggestions as to its future welfare and how its trade could be utilized for the General East India Company – presented to His Excellency the Governor-General Antonio van Diemen and members of the Council of India’, (1641), reproduced in P.A. Leupe, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. XIV, Part I (1936), p. 128.
140 SirFoster, W. (ed.), A New Account of the East Indies by Alexander Hamilton, (London, 1930), p. xxxviiGoogle Scholar.
Frontispiece to volume 1 of the first edition of Hamilton's book, 1727.
- 1
- Cited by