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“A Most Valuable Curiosity”: Music Manuscripts, Authorship, Composition, and Gender at the Ephrata Cloister in Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 October 2022
Abstract
The 1746 Ephrata Codex, a 972-page music manuscript in the Library of Congress, is the central document of this study, which locates and identifies several eighteenth-century composers who were solitary sisters and brothers of the Ephrata Cloister in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Ephrata was an insular, mainly celibate, Pietist, Sabbatarian, ascetic community, which, at its height in the 1740s and 1750s, was home to approximately 300 individuals. Like many German diaspora societies in colonial Pennsylvania, it produced devotional prints and manuscripts. Ephrata is unique because most of its spiritual texts and music were written by and for its inhabitants. More than 130 extant Ephrata music manuscripts in libraries, archives, and collections in the United States and United Kingdom comprise a corpus of over 1,500 hymns, composed according to rules mandated in an original music theory treatise. The concept of authorship at Ephrata was complicated: Communal creative activity frequently existed alongside calls for individual recognition, evidenced by name attributions found in printed hymnals and music manuscripts. The solitary sisters’ agency and creative activity at Ephrata brings an added nuance to the discussion of authorship and credit, drawing attention to the contributions of women as creators, a notable exception to the male-dominated sieve of music history. The 2020 release of Voices in the Wilderness, an album of new Ephrata hymn transcriptions, is connected to this article. Recorded in the Ephrata Meetinghouse, or “Saal,” the room for which the music was composed, it provides a new perspective on Ephrata's composers, compositional methods, and performance practice.
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- Research Article
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Music
References
References
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[Ephrata Community] and Others. The Songs of the Turtledove: A Celebration of America's Musical Heritage. The Ephrata Cloister Chorus. J. Daryl Hollinger, director. Recorded 2011. Ephrata Cloister Associates, 2011, compact disc.Google Scholar
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Anmuthiger Blumen=Kranz aus dem Garten der Gemeinde Gottes. Germany: n.p., 1712.Google Scholar
[Ephrata Community]. Das Gesäng der einsamen und verlassenen Turtel=Taube nemlich der Christlichen Kirche. Ephrata, PA: Drucks der Brüderschafft, 1747 and 1749.Google Scholar
[Ephrata Community]. “Ephrata Codex,” LC, M 2116.E6 1746. The Music Division at the Library of Congress. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
[Ephrata Community]. Music Manuscript for 1739 Zionitischer Weyrauchs Hügel, Borneman MS 2. Rare Book Department, Free Library of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
[Ephrata Community]. Music Manuscript for 1739 Zionitischer Weyrauchs Hügel, Col. 318, 65x562. Joseph Downs Collection of Manuscripts and Printed Ephemera. Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library, Wilmington, DE.Google Scholar
[Ephrata Community]. Music Manuscript for 1739 Zionitischer Weyrauchs Hügel, EC 77.3. Ephrata Cloister Collection. Historic Ephrata Cloister, Ephrata, PA.Google Scholar
[Ephrata Community]. Music Manuscript for 1749 Turtel=Taube, MSS 5 Literary Manuscripts, Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection. Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA.Google Scholar
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[Ephrata Community]. Nachklang zum Gesäng der einsamen Turtel=Taube. Ephrata, PA: Drucks der Brüderschafft, 1755.Google Scholar
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[Ephrata Community] and Others. [Live Recording—Archival]. The Ephrata Cloister Chorus. Barry Sawyer and Evelyn Kegerise, directors. The Eberbacher Kammerorchester, Eberhard Höhn, director. Recorded live, Crown Magnetics Inc., 1991. Audiocassette.Google Scholar
[Ephrata Community] and Others. The Songs of the Turtledove: A Celebration of America's Musical Heritage. The Ephrata Cloister Chorus. J. Daryl Hollinger, director. Recorded 2011. Ephrata Cloister Associates, 2011, compact disc.Google Scholar
[Ephrata Community] and Föben, Schwester. Voices in the Wilderness. Christopher Hebert, director. Recorded March 2019. BSTC-0141, 2020, compact disc and MP3, Spotify.Google Scholar
Acrelius, Israel. “Visit by the Provost Magister, Israel Acrelius, to the Ephrata Cloister, Aug. 20, 1753.” In A History of New Sweden, or the Settlements on the River Delaware. Translated by William M. Reynolds, 373–401. Philadelphia: Publication Fund of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1876.Google Scholar
American Book-Prices Current: A Record of Books Manuscripts and Autographs Sold at Auction in New York and Elsewhere, from July 1, 1926 to July 1, 1927, Being the Season 1926–1927. Vol. 33. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1927.Google Scholar
Ames, Alexander Lawrence. “Quill and Graver Bound: Frakturschrift Calligraphy, Devotional Manuscripts, and Penmanship Instruction in German Pennsylvania, 1755–1855.” Winterthur Portfolio 50, no. 1 (Spring 2016): 1–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ames, Alexander Lawrence. “‘The Knife of Daily Repentance’: Toward a Religious History of Calligraphy and Manuscript Illumination in German-Speaking Pennsylvania, ca. 1750–1850,” Mennonite Quarterly Review 91, no. 4 (October 2017): 471–510.Google Scholar
Ames, Alexander Lawrence. The Word in the Wilderness: Popular Piety and the Manuscript Arts in Early Pennsylvania. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Ammer, Christine. Unsung: A History of Women in American Music. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Bach, Jeff. Voices of the Turtledoves: The Sacred World of Ephrata. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, Cynda L. Early American Illuminated Manuscripts from the Ephrata Cloister. Northampton, MA: Smith College Museum of Art, 1994.Google Scholar
Bidwell, John. American Paper Mills 1690–1832: A Directory of the Paper Trade with Notes on Products, Watermarks, Distribution Methods, and Manufacturing Techniques. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Carroll, Lucy E. The Music of the Ephrata Cloister. Ephrata, PA: Ephrata Cloister Associates, 2003.Google Scholar
Christensen, Thomas. “The ‘Règle de l'Octave’ in Thorough-Bass Theory and Practice.” Acta Musicologica 64, no. 2 (July–December 1992): 91–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duck, Dorothy Hampton. “Ludwig Blum, Ephrata's First Music Teacher.” Historic Schaefferstown Record 22, nos. 1 and 2 (January–April 1988): 3–30.Google Scholar
Durnbaugh, Hedwig. “Zionitischer Weyrauchs Hügel: The Story of the First German Hymn Book Published in the American Colonies in German Type.” Paper presented for the Ephrata Cloister History Series, Zoom, March 4, 2021.Google Scholar
Erben, Patrick. “A Hidden Voice Amplified: Music, Mysticism, and Translation.” In A Harmony of the Spirits: Translation and the Language of Community in Early Pennsylvania, 195–241. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Eyerly, Sarah Justina. Moravian Soundscapes: A Sonic History of the Moravian Missions in Early Pennsylvania. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ezell, Margaret J. M. “The Laughing Tortoise: Speculations on Manuscript Sources and Women's Book History.” English Literary Renaissance 38, no. 2 (Spring 2008): 331–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faull, Katherine. “Women, Migration, and Moravian Mission: Negotiating Pennsylvania's Colonial Landscapes.” In Babel of the Atlantic, edited by Wiggin, Bethany, 101–28. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. “What is an Author?” In Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, edited by Bouchard, Donald F., translated by Donald F. Bouchard and Sherry Simon, 113–38. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Goodman, Glenda. “Joseph Johnson's Lost Gamuts: Native Hymnody, Materials of Exchange, and the Colonialist Archive.” Journal of the Society for American Music 13, no. 4 (2019): 482–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Glenda. Cultivated by Hand: Amateur Musicians in the Early American Republic. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Head, Matthew. Sovereign Feminine: Music and Gender in Eighteenth-Century Germany. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Herbert, Christopher Dylan. “Voices in the Pennsylvania Wilderness: An Examination of the Music Manuscripts, Music Theory, Compositions, and (Female) Composers of the Eighteenth-Century Ephrata Cloister.” D.M.A. diss., The Juilliard School, 2018.Google Scholar
Herbert, Christopher Dylan. “The Sounds of Ephrata: Developing a Research Methodology to Catalog and Study Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Pennsylvanian Music Manuscripts.” Notes: The Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association 76, no. 2 (December 2019): 199–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschfeld, Heather. “Early Modern Collaboration and Theories of Authorship.” PMLA 116, no. 3 (2001): 609–22.Google Scholar
Holliday, Guy Tilghman. “Ephrata Cloister Wills.” Pennsylvania Folklife 22, no. 4 (Summer 1973): 11–21.Google Scholar
Lepore, Jill. The Last Archive. Podcast. Pushkin Industries, 2020–2021. https://www.thelastarchive.com/.Google Scholar
Main, Kari M. “From the Archives: Illuminated Hymnals of the Ephrata Cloister.” Winterthur Portfolio 32, no. 1 (Spring 1997): 65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Betty Jean. “The Ephrata Cloister and Its Music, 1732–1785: The Cultural, Religious, and Bibliographical Background.” PhD diss., University of Maryland, 1974.Google Scholar
O'Brien, Jean M. Firsting and Lasting: Writing Indians Out of Existence in New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owsinski, Thomas E. “Jeremia from the Paradisisches Wunder-Spiel: A Critical Edition and Study of a Musical Document of the Eighteenth-Century Ephrata Cloister.” Master's thesis, West Chester University, 1997.Google Scholar
Peucker, Paul. “Pietism and the Archives.” In A Companion to German Pietism: 1660–1800, edited by Shantz, Douglas H., 393–420. Leiden: Brill, 2015.Google Scholar
Putnam, Herbert, Report of the Librarian of Congress for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1927. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1927.Google Scholar
Rau, Albert G., and David, Hans T., eds. A Catalogue of Music by American Moravians 1742–1842 from the Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, PA. New York: AMS Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Reichmann, Felix, and Doll, Eugene E., eds. Ephrata as Seen by Contemporaries. Allentown, PA: The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, 1953.Google Scholar
Sachse, Julius. The Music of the Ephrata Cloister. Lancaster, PA: Printed for the Author, 1903.Google Scholar
Sanguinetti, Giorgio. The Art of Partimento: History, Theory, and Practice. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Schwandt, Erich. “Musique Sprituelle (1718): Canada's First Music Theory Manual.” In Musical Canada: Words and Music Honouring Helmut Kallmann, edited by Beckwith, John and Hall, Frederick A., 50–59. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seachrist, Denise. “Snow Hill and the German Seventh-Day Baptists: Heirs to the Musical Traditions of Conrad Beissel's Ephrata Cloister.” PhD diss., Kent State University, 1993.Google Scholar
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Herbert supplementary material
Herbert supplementary material
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