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“For Thee America! For Thee Syria?”: Alexander Maloof, Orientalist Music, and the Politics of the Syrian Mahjar

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2020

BEAU BOTHWELL
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Abstract

In 1894 Syrian émigré Alexander Maloof arrived in the United States to join the thriving community in New York's “Syrian Quarter.” Working first as a music instructor and pianist, Maloof found success as a bandleader, composer, arranger, and publisher, integrating Arabic and US popular music and light classical styles. He wrote and edited Arabic-language piano songbooks for the Arabophone communities in the United States, and ran the Maloof Records label, the “Oriental” division of the Gennett Company's “race records” enterprise. Drawing on Arabic-language discourse from around the Syrian mahjar (diaspora), this article uses Maloof's output to demonstrate music's role in the vibrant and contested political conversations taking place in Arabic around the world, from the homelands around Beirut and Damascus, to the initial Syrian settlements in Cairo and Paris, to the American colonies in Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires and New York. Concluding with a discussion of the 1919 “American Maid” (composed under a pseudonym), I argue that a thorough understanding of the history of Orientalist popular music in the Americas requires a decentering of European American audiences in order to examine those questions animating the New York mahjar, most centrally the political fate of greater Syria.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Society for American Music , Volume 14 , Issue 4 , November 2020 , pp. 383 - 418
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Music 2020

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References

References

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Kaufman, Asher. Reviving Phoenicia: In Search of Identity in Lebanon. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.Google Scholar
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Malouf, George Hanna (ʿIssa Iskandar Maʿlūf Maʿlūf). Maloof: The Ghassani Legacy. Hereford, TX: Maloofs International, 1992.Google Scholar
Migliorino, Nicola. (Re)Constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria: Ethno-Cultural Diversity and the State in the Aftermath of a Refugee Crisis. New York: Berghahn Books, 2008.Google Scholar
“Min kul ḥadīqa zahra” (From every garden a flower).” al-Zuhūr 6 (October 1912): 322–23.Google Scholar
Mokarzel, S. A. and Otash, H. F.. “Goetz & Co” (advertisement). The Syrian Business Directory. New York: The Syrian American Trade, 1908.Google Scholar
Morrison, Matthew D. “Race, Blacksound, and the (Re) Making of Musicological Discourse.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 72, no. 3 (Fall 2019): 781–823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Robert H. and Racy, A. J.. “The Homeland in the Literature and Music of Syrian-Lebanese Immigrants and Their Descendants in Brazil.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 19, nos. 2–3 (Summer–Winter 2010): 280–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukarzil, Sallum. al-Kitab al-Lubnani: li-tadhakar Yubil al-Nahda al-Lubnaniyya al-Fuddi. New York: Matba'at al-Huda, 1937.Google Scholar
Naff, Alixa. Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Naff, Alixa. “A Social History of Zahle, the Principal Market Town in Nineteenth-Century Lebanon.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1972.Google Scholar
Ormos, István. “The Cairo Street at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893.” In L'Orientalisme architectural entre imaginaires et savoirs, edited by Oulebsir, Nabila and Volait, Mercedes, 195–214. Paris: Picard, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philipp, Thomas. The Syrians in Egypt, 1725–1975. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1985.Google Scholar
Pollard, Lisa. Nurturing the Nation: the Family Politics of Modernizing, Colonizing, and Liberating Egypt, 1805–1923. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.Google Scholar
al-Qattan, Najwa. “When Mothers Ate Their Children: Wartime Memory and the Language of Food in Syria and Lebanon.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no. 4 (2014): 719–36.Google Scholar
Racy, Ali Jihad “Record Industry and Egyptian Traditional Music: 1904–1932.” Ethnomusicology 20, no. 1 (Jan. 1976): 23–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, Anne K. “Individuality and Social Change in the Music of Arab-Americans.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1991.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Anne K. Notes to The Music of Arab Americans: A Retrospective Collection. Rounder Records CD-1122, 1997. Compact disc.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Anne K. “Made in America: Historical and Contemporary Recordings of Middle Eastern Music in the United States,” Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 31, no. 2 (December 1997): 158–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rihani, Ameen F. Critiques in Art. Beirut: Librarie du Liban, 1999.Google Scholar
Shaheen, Jack G. Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. New York: Olive Branch Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Shepperd, W. Anthony. Extreme Exoticism: Japan in the American Musical Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slide, Anthony, ed. Ravished Armenia and the Story of Aurora Mardiganian. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2014.Google Scholar
Spottswood, Richard K. Ethnic Music on Records: A Discography of Ethnic Recordings Produced in the United States, 1893 to 1942. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Syrian American Trade Association. The Syrian Business Directory. New York: The Syrian American Trade, 1908.Google Scholar
Tanielian, Melanie Schulze. “Feeding the City: The Beirut Municipality and the Politics of Food During World War I.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no. 4 (2014): 737–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tauber, Eliezer. The Emergence of the Arab Movements. London: Frank Cass, 1993.Google Scholar
Yang, Mina. “Orientalism and the Music of Asian Immigrant Communities in California, 1924–1945.” American Music 19, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 385–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Y ʿakub, Emil Badi ʿ. al-Aghānī al-Sh ʿabīyya al-Lubnānīyya. Tripoli, Lebanon: Jadour Press, 1987.Google Scholar
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Jerusalem: City of Peace (short). New York: Bray Studios, 1931. One reel.Google Scholar
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