Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-c9gpj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T08:55:22.534Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Archaeology of Dual Organization in Andean South America: A Theoretical Review and Case Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jerry D. Moore
Jerry D. Moore*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, 1000 East Victoria Street, Carson, CA 90747
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The concept of dualism has become a major theme in archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic studies of native South American societies. This article reviews use of the concept by archaeologists and ethnohistorians in the Andes, and considers an ethnohistoric and archaeological case from the Nepeña Valley of the Peruvian North Coast. The review shows that various ideas have been described by the terms “dualism” or “dual organization,” and that archaeologists have interpreted paired sets of remains as the material expressions of dualism. The Nepeña Valley data document a paradoxical case in which the power of local lords, who shared rule, was based on dual organizations, and yet the settlement pattern is clearly hierarchical. This suggests that although dual principles may have formed the social syntax of authority, political power—particularly access to labor—was asymmetric, suggesting, in turn, the need to reconsider the relationship between material remains and complex social principles such as dualism in archaeological approaches to prehistoric social and political organizations.

El concepto de dualismo ha sido planteado como un tema fundamental en estudios arqueológicos, etnohistóricos, y etnográficos de las sociedades indígenas sudamericanas. Este artículo examina el uso del concepto por arqueólogos y etnohistoriadores en las zonas andinas, y considera un caso de dualismo etnohistórico y arqueológico en el valle de Nepeña de la costa norte del Perú. El examen demuestra que una variedad de conceptos ha sido descrita por los términos “dualismo” u “organización dual,” y que los arqueólogos han interpretado restos apareados como expresiones materiales del dualismo. Datos procedentes del valle de Nepeña documentan un caso paradójico en el cual el poder de los señores locales, quienes compartieron reinado, se basó en organizaciones duales, pero sin embargo el patrón de asentamiento es claramente jerárquico. Esto sugiere que aunque la autoridad política estuviese organizada por la síntaxis del dualismo, asimismo la distribución del poder político–y en particular el acceso a recursos humanos—fue asimétrico. Esto a su vez plantea la necesidad de reconsiderar la relación entre restos materiales y principios sociales complejos, tales como el dualismo, en esfuerzos arqueológicos para entender las organizaciones sociales y políticas de las sociedades prehispánicas.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , June 1995 , pp. 165 - 181
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

AGI (Archivo General de Indias) 1535–1561 Probanza de los distinguidos meritos y servicios de Anton Quadrado. Patronato 105 no. 1, ramo. 10. Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Spain.Google Scholar
AGI (Archivo General de Indias) 1566–1572 Residencia tornado al dr. Gregorio Gonzales de Cuenca oidor que fue de este audiencia al tiempo que fue visitador de la provincia de Truxillo por el licenciado Pedro Sanchez de Paredes. Justicia 456–461 (1570–1574). Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Spain.Google Scholar
AGN (Archivo General de la Nación) 1582 Altos de residencia que promovio Don Diego Galo de Ocampo Corregidor y Justicia Mayor de la villa de Santa Maria de la Parrilla de la provincia de Santa contra don Francisco de Mendieta y de los demaás personas que estuvieron bajo su dependencia cuando ejerció el cargo de corregidor. Juicio de Residencia Leg.3 C.6. Archivo General de la Nación, Lima.Google Scholar
Allen, C. 1981 To Be Quechua: The Symbolism of Coca Chewing in Highland Peru. American Ethnologist 8:157–171.Google Scholar
Allen, W., and Richardson, J. III 1971 The Reconstruction of Kinship from Archaeological Data: The Concepts, the Methods, and the Feasibility. American Antiquity 36:41–53.Google Scholar
Anders, M. 1986 Dual Organization and Calendars Inferred from the Planned Site of Azangaro–Wari Administrative Strategies. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Basso, E. 1973 The Kalapalo Indians of Central Brazil. Wave-land Press, Prospect Heights, Illinois.Google Scholar
Cavallaro, R. 1991 Large-site Methodology: Architectural Analysis and Dual Organization in the Andes. Occasional Paper No. 5. Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.Google Scholar
Chagnon, N. 1983 Yanomamö: The Fierce People. Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Conklin, W. 1990 Architecture of the Chimu: Memory, Function, and Image. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by M. Moseley and A. Cordy-Collins, pp. 43–74. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Conrad, G. 1974 Burial Platforms and Related Structures on the North Coast of Peru: Some Social and Political Implications. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Conrad, G. 1981 Cultural Materialism, Split Inheritance, and the Expansion of Ancient Peruvian Empires. American Antiquity 46:3–26.Google Scholar
Conrad, G. 1982 The Burial Platforms of Chan Chan: Some Social and Political Implications. In Chan Chan: Andean Desert City, edited by M. Moseley and K. Day, pp. 87–117. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Cook, N. 1982 Population Data for Indian Peru: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Hispanic American Historical Review 62:73–120.Google Scholar
Crocker, J. 1985 Vital Souls: Bororo Cosmology, Natural Symbolism and Shamanism. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Da Matta, R. 1982 A Divided World: Apinayé Social Structure. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Daggett, R. 1984 The Early Horizon Occupation of the Nepeña Valley, North Central Coast of Peru. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Daggett, R. 1987 Toward the Development of the State on the North Central Coast of Peru. In The Origins and Development of the Andean State, edited by J. Haas, S. Pozorski, and T. Pozorski, pp. 70–82. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
D’Altroy, T., and Earle, T. 1983 Staple Finance, Wealth Finance, and Storage in the Inka Political Economy. Current Anthropology 25:187–206.Google Scholar
D’Altroy, T., and Hastorf, C. 1984 The Distribution and Contents of Inca State Storehouses in the Xauxa Region of Peru. American Antiquity 49:334–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, K. 1973 The Architecture of Ciudadela Rivero, Chan Chan, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Day, K. 1982a Storage and Labor Service: A Production and Management Design for the Andean Area. In Chan Chan: Andean Desert City, edited by M. Moseley and K. Day, pp. 333–349. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Day, K. 1982b Ciudadelas: Their Form and Function. In Chan Chan: Andean Desert City, edited by M. Moseley and K. Day, pp. 55–66. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Espinoza Galarza, M. 1973 Topónimos Quechuas del Peru. Comercial Santa Elena S.A., Lima.Google Scholar
Goldman, I. 1963 The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon. Illinois Studies in Anthropology No. 2. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Goldstein, P. 1993 Tiwanaku Temples and State Expansion: A Tiwanaku Sunken-Court Temple in Moquegua, Peru. Latin American Antiquity 4:22–47.Google Scholar
Goody, J. 1966 Introduction. In Succession to High Office, edited by J. Goody, pp. 1–56. Cambridge Papers in Social Anthropology No. 4. Cambridge University Press, London.Google Scholar
Gregor, T. 1977 Mehinaku: The Drama of Daily Life in a Brazilian Indian Village. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Guss, D. 1989 To Weave and Sing: Art, Symbol, and Narrative in the South American Rain Forest. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Henley, P. 1982 The Panare: Tradition and Change on the Amazonian Frontier. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Hickman, J., and Stuart, W. 1977 Descent, Alliance, and Moiety in Chucuito, Peru: An Explanatory Sketch of Aymara Social Organization. In Andean Kinship and Marriage, edited by R. Bolton and E. Mayer, pp. 43–59. Special Publication No. 7. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Hugh-Jones, C. 1979 From the Milk River: Spatial and Temporal Processes in Northwest Amazonia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hyslop, J. 1976 An Archaeological Investigation of the Lupaca Kingdom and Its Origins. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Hyslop, J. 1990 Inka Settlement Planning. University of Texas Press, Austin. Google Scholar
Isbell, B. J. 1977 “Those Who Love Me”: An Analysis of Andean Kinship and Reciprocity within a Ritual Context. In Andean Kinship and Marriage, edited by R. Bolton and E. Mayer, pp. 81–105. Special Publication No. 7. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Isbell, W., and Schreiber, K. 1978 Was Huari a State? American Antiquity 42:372–389.Google Scholar
Julien, C. 1982 Inca Decimal Administration in the Lake Titicaca Region. In The Inca and Aztec States, 1400–1800: Anthropology and History, edited by G. Collier, R. Rosaldo, and J. Wirth, pp. 119–151. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kaplan, J. 1975 The Piaroa—A People of the Orninoco Basin: A Study in Kinship and Marriage. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Keatinge, R., and Conrad, G. 1983 Imperial Expansion in Peruvian Prehistory: Chimu Administration of a Conquered Territory. Journal of Field Archaeology 10:255–283.Google Scholar
Keesing, R. 1975 Kin Groups and Social Structure. Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Kensinger, K. 1984 An Emic Model of Cashinuahua Marriage. In Marriage Practices in Lowland South America, edited by K. Kensinger, pp. 221–251. Illinois Studies in Anthropology No. 14. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Kolata, A. 1982 Chronology and Settlement Growth at Chan Chan. In Chan Chan: Andean Desert City, edited by M. Moseley and K. Day, pp. 67–85. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Kolata, A. 1990 The Urban Concept of Chan Chan. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by M. Moseley and A. Cordy-Collins, pp. 107–144. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Kosok, P. 1965 Life, Land, and Water in Ancient Peru. Long Island University Press, Long Island, New York.Google Scholar
Lambert, B. 1977 Bilaterality in the Andes. In Andean Kinship and Marriage, edited by R. Bolton and E. Mayer, pp. 1–27. Special Publication No. 7. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. 1963 Structural Anthropology. Basic Books, New York.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. 1969 The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. 1974 Tristes Tropiques. Atheneum, New York.Google Scholar
Lowie, R. 1947 Social and Political Organization of the Tropical Forest and Marginal Tribes. In The Comparative Ethnology of South American Indians, edited by J. Steward, pp. 313–350. Handbook of South American Indians, vol. 5, J. Steward, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Mackey, C. 1987 Chimu Administration in the Provinces. In The Origins and Development of the Andean State, edited by J. Haas, S. Pozorski, and T. Pozorski, pp. 121–129. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Maybury-Lewis, D. 1967 Akwe-Shavante Society. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Moore, J. 1981 Chimu Socio-economic Organization: Preliminary Data from Manchan, Casma Valley, Peru. Ñawpa Pacha 19:115–128.Google Scholar
Moore, J. 1985 Household Economics and Political Integration: The Lower Class of the Chimu Empire. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Moore, J. 1988 Prehispanic Raised Field Agriculture in the Casma Valley: Recent Data, New Hypotheses. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:265–276.Google Scholar
Moore, J. 1989 Prehispanic Beer in Coastal Peru: Technology and Social Context of Prehistoric Production. American Anthropologist 91:682–695.Google Scholar
Moore, J. 1991 Cultural Responses to Environmental Catastrophes: Post-El Niño Subsistence on the Prehistoric North Coast of Peru. Latin American Antiquity 2:27–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, J. 1992 Review of Large-site Methodology: Architectural Analysis and Dual Organization in the Andes by R. Cavallaro. Latin American Antiquity 3:176–178.Google Scholar
Moseley, M. 1975a Chan Chan: Andean Alternative of the Pre-industrial City? Science 187:219–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moseley, M. 1975b Prehistoric Principles of Labor Organization in the Moche Valley, Peru. American Antiquity 40:191–196.Google Scholar
Moseley, M. 1982 Introduction: Human Exploitation and Organization on the North Andean Coast. In Chan Chan: Andean Desert City, edited by M. Moseley and K. Day, pp. 1–24. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Moseley, M. 1992 The Incas and Their Ancestors. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Moseley, M., and Cordy-Collins, A. (editors) 1990 The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Moseley, M., and Day, K. (editors) 1982 Chan Chan: Andean Desert City. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Moseley, M., and Mackey, C. 1974 Twenty-Four Architectural Plans of Chan Chan, Peru. Peabody Museum Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Murdock, G. 1956 Political Moieties. In The State of the Social Sciences, edited by L. White, pp. 133–147. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Murdock, G. 1967 Atlas of World Cultures. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Murra, J. 1968 An Aymara Kingdom in 1567. Ethnohistory 15:115–151 Google Scholar
Murra, J. 1975 Formaciones Económicas y Políticas del Mundo Andino. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Netherly, P. 1978 Local Level Lords on the North Coast of Peru. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Netherly, P. 1984 The Management of Late Andean Irrigation Systems on the North Coast of Peru. American Antiquity 49:227–254.Google Scholar
Netherly, P. 1990 Out of Many, One: The Organization of Rule in the North Coast Polities. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by M. Moseley and A. Cordy-Collins, pp. 461–487. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Netheriy, P., and Dillehay, T. 1986 Duality in Public Architecture in the Upper Zaña Valley, Northern Peru. In Perspectives on Andean Prehistory and Protohistory, edited by D. Sandweiss and D. Kvietok, pp. 85–114. Latin American Studies Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Nimuendaju, C., and Lowie, R. 1937 The Dual Organization of the Ramko‘kameka (Canella) of Southern Brazil. American Anthropologist 39:565–582.Google Scholar
Parker, G., and Chávez, A. 1976 Diccionario Quechua Ancash-Huailas. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Pozorski, T. 1987 Changing Priorities Within the Chimu State: The Role of Irrigation Agriculture. In The Origins and Development of the Andean State, edited by J. Haas, S. Pozorski, and T. Pozorski, pp. 111–120. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Proulx, D. 1968 An Archaeological Survey of the Nepeña Valley, Peru. Department of Anthropology Research Report No. 2. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Proulx, D. 1973 Archaeological Investigations in the Nepeña Valley, Peru. Department of Anthropology Research Report No. 13. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Proulx, D. 1985 An Analysis of the Early Cultural Sequence of the Nepeña Valley, Peru. Department of Anthropology Research Report No. 25. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Ramírez, S. 1990 The Inca Conquest of the North Coast: A Historian’s View. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by M. Moseley and A. Cordy-Collins, pp. 501–537. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Rappaport, J. 1985 History, Myth, and the Dynamics of Territorial Maintenance in Tierradentro, Colombia. American Ethnologist 12(1):27–45.Google Scholar
Rasnake, R. 1988 Domination and Cultural Resistance: Authority and Power Among an Andean People. Duke University Press, Durham, N.C. Google Scholar
Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. 1971 Amazonian Cosmos: the Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Rivers, W. H. R. 1968 Kinship and Social Organization. Monographs on Social Anthropology No. 34. London School of Economics. The Athlone Press, University of London.Google Scholar
Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, M. 1990 Ethnohistorical Considerations about the Chimor. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by M. Moseley and A. Cordy-Collins, pp. 447–460. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Rowe, J. 1946 Inca Culture at the time of the Spanish Conquest. Handbook of South American Indians. Bulletin of American Ethnology 143(11) 183–330.Google Scholar
Rowe, J. 1993 Review of Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by M. Moseley and A. Cordy-Collins. American Antiquity 58:764–765.Google Scholar
Seeger, A. 1981 Nature and Society in Central Brazil: The Suya Indians of Mato Grosso. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Shapiro, J. 1984 Marriage Rules, Marriage Exchange, and the Definition of Marriage in Lowland South American Societies. In Marriage Practices in Lowland South America, edited by K. Kensinger, pp. 1–30. Illinois Studies in Anthropology No. 14. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Smole, W. 1976 The Yanomama Indians: A Cultural Geography. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Spaulding, A. 1988 Distinguished Lecture: Archaeology and Anthropology. American Anthropologist 90:263–271.Google Scholar
Squier, E. 1973 [1877] Peru: Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas. AMS Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stanish, C. 1989 Household Archaeology: Testing Models of Zonal Complementarity in the South Central Andes. American Anthropologist 91:7–24.Google Scholar
Swanton, E. 1928 Social Organization and Social Usages of the Indians of the Creek Confederacy. In Bureau of American Ethnology 42nd Annual Report (1924–1925), pp. 23–472. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Topic, J. 1976 The Lower Class at Chan Chan: A Qualitative Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Topic, J. 1982 Lower-class Social and Economic Organization at Chan Chan. In Chan Chan: Andean Desert City, edited by M. Moseley and K. Day, pp. 145–175. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Topic, J. 1990 Craft Production in the Kingdom of Chimor. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by M. Moseley and A. Cordy-Collins, pp. 145–176. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Topic, J., and Moseley, M. 1983 Chan Chan: A Case Study of Urban Change in Peru. Ñawpa Pacha 21:153–182.Google Scholar
Urton, G. 1984 Chuta: el Espacio de la Práctica Social en Pacariqtambo, Peru. Revista Andina 2(1):7–56.Google Scholar
Urton, G. 1990 The History of a Myth: Pacariqtambo and the Origins of the Inkas. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Vaca de Castro, C. 1908 [1543] Ordenanzas de Tambos. Revista Histórica 3:427–492.Google Scholar
Wachtel, N. 1986 Men of the Water: The Uru Problem (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries). In Anthropological History of Andean Polities, edited by J. Murra, N. Wachtel, and J. Revel, pp. 283–310. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, H., and Johnson, G. 1975 Population, Exchange, and Early State Formation in Southwestern Iran. American Anthropologist 77:267–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuidema, R. 1964 The Ceque System of Cuzco: The Social Organization of the Capital of the Inca. E. J. Brill, Leiden.Google Scholar
Zuidema, R. 1973 Kinship and Ancestor Cult in Three Peruvian Communities: Hernandez Principe’s Account of 1622. Bulletin de l’Institut François d’Etudes Andines 2:16–33.Google Scholar
Zuidema, R. 1977 The Inca Kinship System: A New Theoretical View. In Andean Kinship and Marriage, edited by R. Bolton and E. Mayer, pp. 240–281. Special Publication No. 7. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Zuidema, R. 1983 Hierarchy and Space in Incaic Social Organization. Ethnohistory 30:49–75.Google Scholar
Zuidema, R. 1990a Inca Civilization in Cuzco. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Zuidema, R. 1990b Dynastic Structures in Andean Culture. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by M. Moseley and A. Cordy-Collins, pp. 489–505. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar