Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-lrf7s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-31T23:06:48.535Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

PLAZAS AND PROCESSIONAL PATHS IN TIWANAKU TEMPLES: DIVERGENCE, CONVERGENCE, AND ENCOUNTER AT OMO M10, MOQUEGUA, PERU

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Paul S. Goldstein  and
Matthew J. Sitek
Paul S. Goldstein*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0532 La Jolla, CA 92093-0532, USA
Matthew J. Sitek
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0532 La Jolla, CA 92093-0532, USA
*
(psgoldstein@ucsd.edu, corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Reconstructing access patterns, in particular processional and liturgical movement in ceremonial architecture, can illuminate social processes within expansive states. Extensive excavations from 2010–2012 in the uniquely preserved Tiwanaku temple at the Omo M10 site in Moquegua, Peru (ca. AD 500–1100), shed new light on connectedness and access patterns of the temple. Extensive areal excavations confirm past interpretations of a central axial series of doorways and staircases presided over by stelae and U-shaped, altar-like structures leading from public plazas to the sunken court and a central shrine. However, new findings revealed separate lateral pathways through the structure, which suggest liturgical processions to walled patio groups that were isolated from the central axis. We posit that these small patios and their roofed chambers may have functioned as chapels for distinct groups or pluralistic cultic activities that were separate from those of the central axis. Implications for Tiwanaku social structure are studied in light of other examples of triple entryways in Tiwanaku monumental architecture, and Kolata's suggestion of “Taypi” as a structural amalgam of a center and complementary halves, with implications of mediation and bilateral complementarity between ethnicities, genders, moieties, or other pluralistic entities within Tiwanaku state and society.

Reconstruir los patrones de acceso y, por lo tanto, el movimiento procesional y litúrgico en la arquitectura ceremonial puede indicar los procesos sociales que tuvieron lugar dentro de los estados arcaicos. Las excavaciones en el templo de Tiwanaku en el sitio de Omo M10, Moquegua, Perú (ca. 500–1100 dC), demuestran la interconexión entre ambientes y patrones de acceso a diferentes partes del templo. Las excavaciones de 2010–2012 confirman una serie axial de siete puertas, escaleras y estelas, conectando las plazas públicas con acceso restringido al patio semisubterráneo y una capilla central. Sin embargo, también se hallaron caminos laterales independientes que conducen a una serie de patios amurallados escondidos que pudieron haber funcionado como capillas para actividades religiosas separadas. En este trabajo consideramos la existencia de actividades litúrgicas pluralistas tales como cultos centralizados en la arquitectura monumental de Tiwanaku. Sugerimos el concepto de “Taypi” como una amalgama estructural de centro y mitades complementarias, con implicaciones de género, grupos sociales, ayllus o grupos étnicos y otras posibilidades de complementariedad pluralista en Tiwanaku.

Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , September 2018 , pp. 455 - 474
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 by the Society for American Archaeology 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abercrombie, Thomas 1998 Pathways of Memory and Power: Ethnography and History among an Andean People. University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Bafna, Sonit 2003 Space Syntax: A Brief Introduction to Its Logic and Analytical Techniques. Environment and Behavior 35 (1):17–29.Google Scholar
Baitzel, Sarah, and Goldstein, Paul S. 2014 More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Dress and Social Identity in a Provincial Tiwanaku Child Burial. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 35:51–62.Google Scholar
Baitzel, Sarah, and Goldstein, Paul S. 2015 Patrones funerarios e identidades sociales Tiwanaku en el sitio Omo M10, Moquegua, Perú. In El Horizonte Medio: Nuevos Aportes para el Sur de Perú, norte de Chile y Bolivia, edited by Korpisaari, Antti, and Rodríguez, Juan Chacama, pp. 145–162. Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, Lima; Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.Google Scholar
Bandelier, Adolph F. 1911 The Ruins at Tiahuanaco. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 21:218–265.Google Scholar
Bandy, Matthew 2013 Tiwanaku Origins and the Early Development: The Political and Moral Economy of a Hospitality State. In Visions of Tiwanaku: Cotsen Institute conference on Tiwanaku, Vol. 78, edited by Vranich, Alexei, and Stanish, Charles, pp. 135–150. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, UCLA, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Benitez, Leonardo 2009 Descendants of the Sun: Calendars, Myth, and the Tiwanaku State. Proceedings of the Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Art Museum:49–81.Google Scholar
Bouysse-Cassagne, Therese 1986 Urco and Uma: Aymara Concepts of Space. In Anthropological History of Andean Polities, edited by Murra, John V., Wachtel, Nathan, and Revel, Jacques, pp. 201–227. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cobo, Bernabé 1990 [1653] Inca Religion and Customs. Translated by Hamilton, Roland. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Conklin, William 1991 Tiwanaku and Huari: Architectural Comparisons and Interpretations. In Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, edited by Isbell, William and McEwan, Gordon, pp. 281–292. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Conklin, William 2013 The Cultural Implications of Tiwanaku and Huari Textiles. In Visions of Tiwanaku: Cotsen Institute Conference on Tiwanaku, Vol. 78, edited by Vranich, Alexei and Stanish, Charles, pp. 65–87. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, UCLA, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Cortez Ferrel, Gustavo Marcelo 2009 Chunchukala; un estructura formativo tardia en el sitio de Tiwanacu. Tesis de Licenciatura, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.Google Scholar
Cutting, Marion 2006 More Than One Way to Study a Building: Approaches to Prehistoric Household and Settlement Space. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 25 (3):225–246.Google Scholar
Dahlstedt, Allisen C., and Goldstein, Paul S. 2013 Sacrifice and Ancestor Veneration in a Tiwanaku Temple: An Exploration of a Comingled Human Dedicatory Offering at Omo M10. Paper presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Honolulu, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Edwards, Matthew J. 2013 The Configuration of Built Space at Pataraya and Wari Provincial Administration in Nasca. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (4):565–576.Google Scholar
Fisher, Kevin D. 2009 Placing Social Interaction: An Integrative Approach to Analyzing Past Built Environments. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28 (4):439–457.Google Scholar
Fladd, Rowan 2016 Urbanism as Technology in Early China. Archaeological Research in Asia, in press, DOI:10.1016/j.ara. 2016.09.001, Accessed May 12, 2018.Google Scholar
Gaggio, Giacomo, and Goldstein, Paul S. 2015 Plants of the Tiwanaku Gods: Results of a Paleoethnobotanical Analysis of the Temple of Omo M10A, Moquegua, Peru. Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of Society for American Archaeology, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 1989 Omo, A Tiwanaku Provincial Center in Moquegua, Peru. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 1993 Tiwanaku Temples and State Expansion: A Tiwanaku Sunken Court Temple in Moquegua, Peru. Latin American Antiquity 4:22–47.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 2005 Andean Diaspora: The Tiwanaku Colonies and the Origins of Andean Empire. New World Diasporas. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 2013 Tiwanaku and Wari State Expansion: Demographic and Outpost Colonization Compared. In Visions of Tiwanaku: Cotsen Institute conference on Tiwanaku, Vol. 78, edited by Vranich, Alexei and Stanish, Charles, pp. 41–63. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, UCLA, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 2015 Multiethnicity, Pluralism, and Migration in the South Central Andes: An Alternate Path to State Expansion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (30):9202–9209.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S., and Filinich, Patricia Palacios 2015 Excavaciones en el templete Tiwanaku de Omo, Moquegua, Perú. In El Horizonte Medio: Nuevos Aportes para el Sur de Perú, norte de Chile y Bolivia, edited by Korpisaari, Antti and Rodríguez, Juan Chacama, pp. 117–144. Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, Lima; Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.Google Scholar
Hillier, Bill 1996 Space is the Machine: a Configurational Theory of Architecture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hillier, Bill 2010 Spatial Analysis and Cultural Information: The Need for Theory as well as Method in Space Syntax Analysis. Paper presented at the International Workshop: Spatial Analysis in Past Built Environments, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
Hillier, Bill, and Hanson, Julienne 1984 The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Huggins, Kathleen, Sitek, Matthew J., and Goldstein, Paul S. 2015 From Trash Pile to Temple Wall: The Distribution of Formative Period Sherds in Adobes at the Tiwanaku Temple, Omo M10A Tiwanaku Temple. Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of Society for American Archaeology, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Isbell, William H 2008 Wari and Tiwanaku: International Identities in the Central Andean Middle Horizon. In The Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Silverman, Helaine and Isbell, William, pp. 731–759. Springer, Urbana, Illinois.Google Scholar
Isbell, William H., and Vranich, Alexei 2004 Experiencing the Cities of Wari and Tiwanaku. In Andean Archaeology, edited by Silverman, Helaine, pp. 167–182. Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Janusek, John Wayne 2002 Out of Many, One: Style and Social Boundaries in Tiwanaku. Latin American Antiquity 13:35–61.Google Scholar
Janusek, John Wayne 2008 Ancient Tiwanaku. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Janusek, John Wayne, and Kolata, Alan L. 2004 Top-Down or Bottom-Up: Rural Settlement and Raised Field Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23 (4):404–430.Google Scholar
Kjolsing, Jason Michael 2013 The Political Strategies of Tiwanaku Leaders in Moquegua, Peru: An Analysis of Tiwanaku Priests and the Inner Chambers of the Omo Temple. Master's thesis in Anthropology, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Knappett, Carl 2011 Networks of Objects, Meshworks of Things. In: Redrawing anthropology: Materials, Movements, Lines, edited by Ingold, Tim, pp. 45–63. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Kolata, Alan L. 1993 The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Kolata, Alan L. 1996 Mimesis and Monumentalism in Native Andean Cities. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 29–30:223–236.Google Scholar
Kolata, Alan L. 2003 The Social Production of Tiwanaku: Political Economy and Authority in a Native Andean State. In Tiwanaku and its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization, Vol. 2: Urban and Rural Archaeology, edited by Kolata, Alan L., pp. 449–472. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kolata, Alan L., and Sanginés, Carlos Ponce 1992 Tiwanaku: The City at the Center. In The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes, edited by Townsend, Richard, pp. 317–334. Art Institute of Chicago.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Henri 1991 The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Letesson, Quentin 2013 Minoan Halls: a Syntactical Genealogy. American Journal of Archaeology 117 (3):303–351.Google Scholar
Letesson, Quentin 2014 From Building to Architecture: The Rise of Configurational Thinking in Bronze Age Crete. In Spatial Analysis and Social Spaces: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Interpretation of Prehistoric and Historic Built Environments, edited by Paliou, Eleftheria, Lieberwirth, Undine, and Polla, Silvia, pp. 49–90. De Gruyter, Berlin.Google Scholar
Letesson, Quentin 2015 Fire and the Holes: An Investigation of Low-Level Meanings in the Minoan Built Environment. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 22 (3): 713.Google Scholar
Manum, Bendik, Rusten, Espen, and Benze, Paul 2012 AGRAPH, Software for Drawing and Calculating Space Syntax “Node-Graphs” and Space Syntax “Axial-Maps,” vol. 2016. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Electronic document, http://www.ntnu.no/ab/spacesyntax, accessed October 20, 2017.Google Scholar
Mattox, Christopher Wesley 2011 Materializing Value: A Comparative Analysis of Status and Distinction in Urban Tiwanaku, Bolivia. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal.Google Scholar
Moore, Jerry D. 1996a The Archaeology of Plazas and the Proxemics of Ritual: Three Andean Traditions. American Anthropologist 98 (4):789–802.Google Scholar
Moore, Jerry D. 1996b Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes: The Architecture of Public Buildings. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Nash, Donna J., and Williams, Patrick R. 2005 Architecture and Power on the Wari–Tiwanaku Frontier. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 14 (1):151–174.Google Scholar
Penn, Alan 2003 Space Syntax and Spatial Cognition: Or Why the Axial Line? Environment and Behavior 35 (1): 30–65.Google Scholar
Protzen, Jean-Pierre, and Nair, Stella E. 2000 On Reconstructing Tiwanaku Architecture. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 59 (3):358–371.Google Scholar
Protzen, Jean-Pierre, and Nair, Stella E. 2002 The Gateways of Tiwanaku: Symbols or Passages. In Andean Archaeology, Vol. 2, edited by Isbell, William H. and Silverman, Helaine, pp. 189–223. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Protzen, Jean-Pierre, and Nair, Stella E. 2013 The Stones of Tiahuanaco: A Study of Architecture and Construction. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Radcliffe, Sarah A. 1990 Marking the Boundaries between the Community, the State and History in the Andes. Journal of Latin American Studies 22 (3):575–594.Google Scholar
Rapoport, Amos 1982 The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Reimer, Paula J., Edouard Bard, Alex Bayliss, Beck, J. Warren, Blackwell, Paul G., Ramsey, Christopher Bronk, Hai Cheng, Caitlin E. Buck, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Michael Friedrich, Pieter M. Grootes, Haflidi Haflidason, Thomas P. Guilderson, Hajdas, Irka, Hatté, Christine, Heaton, Timothy J., Hoffmann, Dirk L., Hogg, Alan G., Hughen, Konrad A., Kaiser, K. Felix, Bernd Kromer, Sturt W. Manning, Mu Niu, Ron W. Reimer, Richards, David A., Scott, E. Marian, Southon, John R., Staff, Richard A., Turney, Christian S. M., and van der Plicht, Johannes. 2013 IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55 (4):1869–1887.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Erin C. 2013 Construction and Use of Space at the Omo Temple Complex: Soil Micromorphological and Soil Chemical Approaches. Paper presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Honolulu, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Santillan Goode, Julianna 2018 Transnational Processes of Identity in the Tiwanaku State (600 AD–1000 AD): A Biogeochemical, Study of Omo M10 Individuals and Temple Architecture in the Middle Moquegua Valley of Southern Peru. Master's thesis in Anthropology, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Seddon, Matthew T. 2013 Tiwanaku Ritual and Political Transformation in the Core and Peripheries. In Visions of Tiwanaku: Cotsen Institute conference on Tiwanaku, Vol. 78, edited by Vranich, Alexei and Stanish, Charles, pp. 113–134. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, UCLA, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Sitek, Matthew J. 2013 Taypi, A View from the Middle (Court): Analysis of Liminal Space in Provincial Tiwanaku Monumental Architecture (Omo M10A). Master's thesis in Anthropology, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Sitek, Matthew J., and Goldstein, Paul S. 2013 Excavations in the Omo Temple Middle Court: Implications for Access and Ritualized Movement in Tiwanaku Temples. Paper presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Honolulu, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Sitek, Matthew J., Baitzel, Sarah I., Huggins, Kathleen, and Goldstein, Paul S. 2015 Second-Hand Spaces: Abandonment and Reoccupation during the Final Stages of a Tiwanaku Provincial Temple (Omo M10A). Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 2013 What Was Tiwanaku? In Visions of Tiwanaku: Cotsen Institute conference on Tiwanaku, Vol. 78, edited by Vranich, Alexei and Stanish, Charles, pp. 151–167. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, UCLA, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Steadman, Sharon R. 2015 Archaeology of Domestic Architecture and the Human Use of Space. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Still, G. Keith 2000 Crowd Dynamics. PhD dissertation, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, England.Google Scholar
Turner, Alasdair 2007 From Axial to Road-Centre Lines: A New Representation for Space Syntax and a New Model of Route Choice for Transport Network Analysis. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 34 (3):539–555.Google Scholar
Vranich, Alexei 2001 The Akapana Pyramid: Reconsidering Tiwanaku's Monumental Center. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 5: Huari y Tiwanaku: Modelos vs Evidencias, 295–308.Google Scholar
Vranich, Alexei 2006 The Construction and Reconstruction of Ritual Space at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: A.D. 500–1000. Journal of Field Archaeology 31 (2):121–136.Google Scholar
Vranich, Alexei 2013 Visions of Tiwanaku. In Visions of Tiwanaku: Cotsen Institute Conference on Tiwanaku, Vol. 78, edited by Vranich, Alexei and Stanish, Charles, pp. 1–10. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, UCLA, Los Angeles.Google Scholar