Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T18:53:05.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Between the Dock and a Hard Place: Hazards and Opportunities of Legal Pluralism for Indigenous Women in Ecuador

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Manuela Lavinas Picq*
Affiliation:
Amherst College, Federal University of the Amazon
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This article examines the challenges and opportunities of indigenous justice for women in Ecuador. The legal recognition of indigenous justice is a major component of democratization in the region. Yet it also raises the risk of institutionalizing detrimental gender biases within indigenous forms of law. Taking the Remache case as a point of departure, this article identifies some of the fault lines in legal pluralism and women's conflicted relationship with it. Rather than rejecting customary law, however, women advocate for their rights within it—lobbying for gender parity within indigenous justice in the 2008 Constitutional Assembly. As women's support for indigenous justice relocates legal authority, it also challenges conventional practices of state sovereignty. To understand the attractiveness of legal pluralism for women and its impact on the state, this study explores the confines of feminist alliances, the accessibility of indigenous justice, and its implications for state sovereignty.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2012

References

Andolina, Laurie, and Radcliffe, Sarah. 2009. Indigenous Development in the Andes: Culture, Power, and Transnationalism. Durham : Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Archibugi, Daniele, and Held, David. 1995. Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order. Cambridge : Polity Press.Google Scholar
Basu, Amrita, ed. 2010. Women's Movements in the Global Era: The Power of Local Feminisms. Boulder : Westview Press.Google Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla. 2002. The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era. Princeton : Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Biolsi, Thomas. 2005. Imagined Geographies: Sovereignty, Indigenous Space, and the American Indian Struggle. American Ethnologist 32, 2: 239–59.Google Scholar
Blofield, Merike. 2009. Feudal Enclaves and Political Reforms: Domestic Workers in Latin America. Latin American Research Review 44, 1: 158–90.Google Scholar
Bonilla, Inés, and Ramos, Rosa. 2009. La construcción e implementación del Reglamento de Buena Convivencia en Cotacachi. In UNIFEM 2009. 136–38.Google Scholar
Bruyneel, Kevin. 2007. The Third Space of Sovereignty: The Postcolonial Politics of U.S.-Indigenous Relations. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Bumiller, Kristin. 2008. In an Abusive State: How Neoliberalism Appropriated the Feminist Movement Against Sexual Violence. Durham : Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Camacho, Gloria, and Nelly, Jácome V. 2008. Mapeo de las comisarías de la mujer y la familia en el Ecuador. Quito : Centro de Planificación y Estudios Sociales.Google Scholar
Canessa, Andrew. 2005. Natives Making Nation: Gender, Indigeneity, and the State in the Andes. Tucson : University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Chango, Mayra. 2010. Director, Comisaria de la Mujer, Riobamba. Author interview. Riobamba, June.Google Scholar
Clarke, Kamari Maxine, and Goodale, Mark, eds. 2009. Mirrors of Justice: Law and Power in the Post–Cold War Era. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Colloredo-Mansfeld, Rudi. 2009. Fighting Like a Community: Andean Civil Society in an Era of Indian Uprisings. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Couso, Javier, Huneeus, Alexandra, and Sieder, Rachel. 2010. Cultures of Legality: Judicialization and Political Activism in Latin America. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé W. 1991. Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review 43, 6 (July): 1241–99.Google Scholar
Cucuri, Cristina. 2007. Agenda de equidad de género de las mujeres kichwas de Chimborazo. Riobamba : CEDIS.Google Scholar
Cumes, Aura. 2009. Sufrimos verguenza: mujeres k'iche' frente a la justicia comunitaria en Guatemala. Desacatos 31: 99114.Google Scholar
Deveaux, Monique. 2009. Gender and Justice in Multicultural Liberal States. Oxford : Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
ENDEMAIN. 2004. Encuesta demográfica y de salud materna e infantil. Quito : Centro de Estudios de Población y Desarrollo Social (CEPAR).Google Scholar
Expediente 182/06. 2006. Police report. Riobamba, Chimborazo : Comisaría de la Mujer. January 24.Google Scholar
Expediente 268/06. 2006. Police report. Riobamba, Chimborazo : Comisaría de la Mujer. February 7.Google Scholar
Expediente 2141/06. 2006. Police report. Riobamba, Chimborazo : Comisaría de la Mujer. October 18.Google Scholar
Faundez, Julio. 2005. Democratization through Law: Perspectives from Latin America. Democratization 12, 5: 749–65.Google Scholar
Faundez, Julio. 2009. Access to Justice and Indigenous Communities in Latin America. In Marginalized Communities and Access to Justice, ed. Ghai, Yash and Cotrell, Jill. New York : Routledge. 83108.Google Scholar
Fregoso, Rosa-Linda, and Bejarano, Cynthia, eds. 2010. Terrorizing Women: Feminicide in the Americas. Durham : Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay. 2009. Re(gion)alizing Women's Human Rights in Latin America. Politics and Gender 5, 3: 349–75.Google Scholar
Gaard, Greta. 2001. Tools for a Cross-Cultural Feminist Ethics: Exploring Ethical Contexts and Contents in the Makah Whale Hunt. Hypatia 16, 1: 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godoy, Angelina S. 2006. Popular Injustice: Violence, Community, and Law in Latin America. Stanford : Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Daniel. 2003. “In Our Own Hands”: Lynching, Justice, and the Law in Bolivia. American Ethnologist 30, 1: 2243.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Daniel. 2004. The Spectacular City: Violence and Performance in Urban Bolivia. Durham : Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Goodale, Mark. 2008. Dilemmas of Modernity: Bolivian Encounters with Law and Liberalism. Stanford : Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Chong, Natividad, ed. 2007. Women, Ethnicity, and Nationalisms in Latin America. Burlington : Ashgate.Google Scholar
hooks, bell. 1981. Ain't I a Woman? Cambridge : South End Press.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala. 2004. Is Gender Like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups. Perspectives on Politics 2: 439–58.Google Scholar
Larson, Brooke. 2004. Trials of Nation-Making: Liberalism, Race and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
León, Magdalena, ed. 2005. Nadando contra la corriente: mujeres y cuotas políticas en los países andinos. Quito : UNIFEM.Google Scholar
Lind, Amy. 2005. Gendered Paradoxes: Women's Movements, State Restructuring, and Global Development in Ecuador. University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Lucero, José Antonio. 2008. Struggles of Voice: The Politics of Indigenous Representation in the Andes. Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle. 2006. Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mohanty, Chandra T. 2003. Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Durham : Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mohanty, Chandra T., Russo, Ann, and Torres, Lourdes. 1991. Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Bloomington : University of Indiana Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 2001. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Okin, Susan Moller. 1999. Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Princeton : Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Olivera, Mercedes, ed. 2008. Violencia feminicida en Chiapas: razones visibles y ocultas de nuestras luchas, resistencias y rebeldias. Tuxtla Gutiérrez : UNICACH.Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 2007. Access to Justice for Women Victims of Violence in the Americas. Report. Washington, DC : OAS.Google Scholar
Otzoy, Irma. 2008. Indigenous Law and Gender Dialogues. In Human Rights in the Maya Region, ed. Pitarch, Pedro, Speed, Shannon, and Solano, Xochitl Leyva. Durham : Duke University Press. 171–86.Google Scholar
Paredes, Julieta. 2008. Hilando fino desde el feminismo comunitario. La Paz : CEDEC/Mujeres Creando Comunidad.Google Scholar
Pequeño, Andrea. 2009a. Participación y política de mujeres indígenas en América Latina. Quito : FLACSO.Google Scholar
Pequeño, Andrea. 2009b. Violencia de género y mecanismos de resolución comunitaria en comunidades indígenas de la sierra ecuatoriana. In UNIFEM 2009. 8189.Google Scholar
Phillips, Anne. 2003. When Culture Means Gender: Issues of Cultural Defence in the English Courts. Modern Law Review 66, 4: 510–31.Google Scholar
Picq, Manuela. 2008. Gender Within Ethnicity: Human Rights and Identity Politics in Ecuador. In New Voices in the Study of Democracy in Latin America, ed. O'Donnell, Guillermo, Tulchin, Joseph, and Varas, Augusto. Washington, DC : Woodrow Wilson Center. 273307.Google Scholar
Postero, Nancy. 2007. Now We Are Citizens: Indigenous Politics in Postmulticultural Bolivia. Stanford : Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Prieto, Mercedes. 2005. Mujeres ecuatorianas entre crisis e oportunidades: 1994–2004. Quito : FLACSO.Google Scholar
Prieto, Mercedes, and María Goetschel, Ana. 2008. El sufragio feminino en Ecuador 1884–1940. In Mujeres e escenarios ciudadanos, ed. Prieto, . Quito : FLACSO. 299330.Google Scholar
Richards, Patricia. 2004. Pobladoras, Indígenas, and the State: Conflicts over Women's Rights in Chile. New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Rodas, Raquel M., ed. 2009. Historia del voto feminino en el Ecuador. Quito : CONAMU.Google Scholar
Roseberry, William. 1994. Hegemony and the Language of Contention. In Everyday Forms of State Formation: Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico, ed. Joseph, Gilbert and Nugent, Daniel. Durham : Duke University Press. 355–66.Google Scholar
Rousseau, Stéphanie. 2011. Indigenous and Feminist Movements at the Constituent Assembly in Bolivia: Locating the Representation of Indigenous Women. Latin American Research Review 46, 2: 528.Google Scholar
Sample, Kristen, and Llanos, Beatriz. 2008. 30 Years of Democracy: Riding the Wave? Women's Political Participation in Latin America. Report. Lima : International IDEA.Google Scholar
Sánchez Botero, Esther. 2009. La realización del pluralismo jurídico de tipo igualitario en Colombia. Revista Nueva Antropología 22, 71: 3149.Google Scholar
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa, and Rodríguez-Garavito, César A., eds. 2005. Law and Globalization from Below: Towards a Cosmopolitan Legality. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sassen, Saskia. 2006. Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages. Princeton : Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Seligson, Mitchell A., ed. 2008. The Political Culture of Democracy in Ecuador, 2008: The Impact of Governance. LAPOP Report. Nashville : Vanderbuilt University.Google Scholar
Sieder, Rachel, ed. 2002. Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sieder, Rachel, and Sierra, María Teresa. 2010. Indigenous Women's Access to Justice in Latin America. Working Paper 2010, 2. Bergen : Chr. Michelsen Institute.Google Scholar
Sieder, Rachel, and Macleod, Morna. 2009. Género, derecho y cosmovisión maya en Guatemala. Desacatos 31: 5172.Google Scholar
Sierra, María Teresa. 2005. The Revival of Indigenous Justice in Mexico: Challenges for Human Rights and the State. Political and Legal Anthropology Review 28, 1: 5272.Google Scholar
Sierra, María Teresa. 2008. Mujeres indígenas, justicia y derechos: los restos de la justicia inter-cultural. In Identidades, etnicidad y racismo en América Latina, ed. García, Fernando. Quito : FLACSO. 269–87.Google Scholar
Farith, Simon C.. 2008. Proceso penal e impunidad. Ciudad Segura 27: 49.Google Scholar
Smith, Linda T. 1999. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London/Dunedin : Zed Books/University of Otago Press.Google Scholar
Song, Sarah. 2007. Justice, Gender, and the Politics of Multiculturalism. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Speed, Shannon. 2008. Rights in Rebellion: Indigenous Struggle and Human Rights in Chiapas. Stanford : Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Speed, Shannon, Hernández Castillo, R. Aida, and Stephen, Lynn M.. 2006. Dissident Women: Gender and Cultural Politics in Chiapas. Austin : University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Suárez Navaz, Liliana, and Hernández, Rosalva Aída. 2008. Descolonizando el feminismo. Teorías y práticas desde las márgenes. Madrid : Catedra.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney, et al. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Fund For Women (UNIFEM). 2009. Mujeres indígenas y justicia ancestral. Quito : UNIFEM.Google Scholar
Valdivia, Rocío F., and González Luna, María Alejandra, eds. 2009. Las mujeres en la justicia comunitaria: victimas, sujetos y actores. Lima : Instituto de Defensa Legal.Google Scholar
Van Cott, Donna Lee. 2000. A Political Analysis of Legal Pluralism in Bolivia and Colombia. Journal of Latin American Studies 32: 207–34.Google Scholar
Van Cott, Donna Lee. 2005. From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van Cott, Donna Lee. 2008. Radical Democracy in the Andes. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vintimilla, Jaime. 2009. Las mujeres en la justicia comunitaria: víctimas, sujetos y actoras—un estudio comparativo entre Ecuador y perú. In UNIFEM 2009. 7380.Google Scholar
Volpp, Leti. 2001. Feminism versus Multiculturalism. Columbia Law Review 101, 5: 11811218.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yumbay, Mariana. 2010. Judge, Criminal Traffic Guarantees, Bolívar Province. Author interview. Quito, June 14.Google Scholar
Zamosc, Leon. 2007. The Indian Movement and Political Democracy in Ecuador. Latin American Politics and Society 49, 3 (Fall): 134.Google Scholar
Zolezzi, Graciela. 2009. El ejercicio de los derechos de las mujeres en los pueblos indígenas de las tierras bajas de Bolivia. In UNIFEM 2009. 90102.Google Scholar