Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-wtssw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-09T14:16:36.297Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The MST and the Media: Competing Images of the Brazilian Landless Farmworkers' Movement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Abstract

For social movements, coverage in the media is a mixed blessing; but like many movements, the Brazilian Landless Farmworkers' Movement (MST) actively seeks it out. Treatment of the MST in the Brazilian media is analyzed here using the concept of frame. That treatment is determined by a complex interaction between media producers and movement activists. The frames adopted by those on each side influence public perception of the movement. This study identifies five such underlying frames (mostly in print media but with attention to a television soap opera based on the MST's activities) and examines the images of the movement that they present. Though the coverage often presents the MST in a favorable light, it does not necessarily encourage the goal of mobilization that the movement seeks to promote.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amaral, Roberto, and Cesar, Guimaráes. 1994. Media Monopoly in Brazil. Journal of Communication 44, 4 (Autumn): 26–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amnesty International. 2002. International Secretariat. News Release. Amr 19/008/2002, June 13. (Reprinted in Sejup, News from Brazil, 471, June 17, 2002.).Google Scholar
Azevedo, Ricardo, and Rogério, Sottili. 1997. Maledetto latifúndio. Teoria & Debate 34 (March–May): 3239.Google Scholar
Babb, Sarah. 1996. A True American System of Finance: Frame Resonance in the U.S. Labor Movement, 1866 to 1886. American Sociological Review 61, 6 (December): 1033–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baccega, María Aparecida, and Adilson Odair, Citelli. 1989. Retórica da manipulaçào: os Sem-Terra nos jornais. Comunicaçòes e Artes 20 (April): 2329.Google Scholar
Benford, Robert D., and David, A. Snow. 2000. Framing Processes and Social Movements: an Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology 26: 611–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, Christa. 1998. Campos em confronto: a terra e o texto. Porto Alegre: Editora da Universidade.Google Scholar
Bucci, Eugênio. 1997. Ficçào é ignorar a novela. Veja 30, 4 (January 29): 16.Google Scholar
Caldart, Roseli Salete. 1997. Educaçào em movimento: formaçào de educadoras e educadores no MST. Petrópolis: Vozes.Google Scholar
Comissào Pastoral da Terra. 2000. Assassinates no campo: Brasil 1985 a 2000. <http://www.cptnac.com.br>..>Google Scholar
daCunha, Euclides. 1944. Rebellion in the Backlands [Os sertòes]. Trans. Samuel Putnam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ellingson, Stephen J. 1995. Understanding the Dialectic of Discourse and Collective Action: Public Debate and Rioting in Antebellum Cincinnati. American Journal of Sociology 101, 1 (July): 100–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Entman, Robert M. 1993. Framing: toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication 43, 4 (Autumn): 51–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandes, Bernardo Mançano. 2000. A formaçào do MST no Brasil. Petrópolis: Vozes.Google Scholar
Gaiger, Luiz Inácio German. 1987. Agentes religiosos e camponeses sem terra no sul do Brasil: quadro de interpretaçào sociológica. Petrópolis: Vozes.Google Scholar
Garrison, William A. 1985. Goffman's Legacy to Political Sociology. Theory and Society 14, 5 (September): 605–22.Google Scholar
Garrison, William A. 1990. The Strategy of Social Protest. 2nd ed. Belmont: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Garrison, William A. 1992. Talking Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garrison, William A., and Andre, Modigliani. 1989. Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: a Constructionist Approach. American Journal of Sociology 95, 1 (July): 1–37.Google Scholar
Gamson, William A., and David, S. Meyer. 1996. Framing Political Opportunity. In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, ed. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer, N. Zald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 275–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamson, William A., and Gadi, Wolfsfeld. 1993. Movements and Media as Interacting Systems. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 528 (July): 114–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamson, William A., Bruce, Fireman, and Steven, Rytina. 1982. Encounters with Unjust Authority. Chicago: Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
Gamson, William A., David, Croteau, William, Hoynes, and Theodore, Sasson. 1992. Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality. Annual Review of Sociology 18, 373–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerhards, Jürgen, and Dieter, Rucht. 1992. Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany. American Journal of Sociology 98, 3 (November): 555–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gitlin, Todd. 1980. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis. New York: Harper Colophon.Google Scholar
Gohn, María da Glória. 2000. Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra no Brasil e a Midia, 1997–2000. Paper presented to the World Congress of Rural Sociology, Rio de Janeiro, July 30-August 5.Google Scholar
Graziano Neto, Francisco. 1998. A (dificil) interpretaçào da realidade agrária. In Os assentamentos de reforma agraria no Brasil, ed. Benicio, Viero Schmidt, Danilo Nolasco, C. Marinho, and Sueli, L. Couto Rosa. Brasília: Editora Uni-versidade de Brasília. 153–69.Google Scholar
Guillermoprieto, Alma. 1994. The Heart that Bleeds: Latin America Now. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Hall, Anthony L. 1990. Land Tenure and Land Reform in Brazil. In Agrarian Reform and Grassroots Development: Ten Case Studies, ed. Roy, L. Proster-man, Mary, N. Temple, and Timothy, M. Hanstad. Boulder: Lynne Rienner. 205–32.Google Scholar
Hall, Stuart. 1980. Encoding/Decoding. In Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–79. London: Hutchinson. 128–38.Google Scholar
Hammond, John L. 1999a. Law and Disorder: the Brazilian Landless Farmworkers' Movement. Bulletin of Latin American Research 18, 4: 469–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, John L. 1999b. [Impunity…] Lives on in Brazil. NACLA Report on the Americas 33 (November-December): 12.Google Scholar
Holston, James. 1991. The Misrule of Law: Land and Usurpation in Brazil. Comparative Studies in Society and History 33, 4 (October): 695–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houtzager, Peter Pim. 1997. Caught between State and Church: Popular Movements in the Brazilian Countryside, 1964–1989. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Houtzager, Peter Pim. 1998. State and Union in the Transformation of the Brazilian Countryside, 1964–1979. Latin American Research Review 33, 2: 103–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imprensa (São Paulo). 1998. Joào Pedro Stédile: o líder dos sem-terra ataca jor-nalistas e empresários de comunicaçào. No. 11 (August): 21–26.Google Scholar
La Pastina, Antonio C. 1999 The Telenovela Way of Knowledge: an Ethnographic Reception Study among Rural Viewers in Brazil. Ph.D. diss., University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
La Pastina, Antonio C., Joseph, Straubhaar, and de Almeida, Heloisa Buarque 1999. Producers, Audiences, and the Limits of Social Marketing on Television: the Case of O Rei do Gado, a Telenovela about Land Reform in Brazil. Paper presented at the 49th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, San Francisco, May 27–31.Google Scholar
deLima, Venicio A.. 1993. Brazilian Television in the 1989 Presidential Campaign: Constructing a President. In Television, Politics, and the Transition to Democracy in Latin America, ed. Thomas, E. Skidmore. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. 97–17.Google Scholar
Lisboa, Teresa Kleba. 1988. A luta dos Sem Terra no oeste catarinense. Flori-anópolis: Editora da UFSC.Google Scholar
Marambaia, Hudson Passos, and da Silva Câmara, Antônio. 2000. O Mst e a imprensa na Bahia: o caso do a tarde. Paper presented to the World Congress of Rural Sociology, Rio de Janeiro, July 30-August 5.Google Scholar
Maschio, José. 2000. Brasil: La satanización del Mst en los medios de comuni-cación. Servicio Informativo alai-amlatina Agenda Latinoamericana de Informacion. Email list, .Google Scholar
Maybury-Lewis, Biorn. 1994. The Politics of the Possible: The Brazilian Rural Workers' Trade Union Movement, 1964–1985. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug, John, D. McCarthy, and Mayer, N. Zald. 1996. Introduction: Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing Processes—Toward a Synthetic, Comparative Perspective on Social Movements. In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, ed. McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald, . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deMedeiros, Leonilde Servolo. 2001. Sem Terra, assentados, agricultores familiares: consideraçòes sobre os conflitos sociais e as formas de organizaçào dos trabalhadores rurais brasileiros. In iquestUna nueva ruralidad en América Latina? ed. Norma, Giarracca. Buenos Aires: CLACSO. 103–28. <http://www.clacso.orglibrosruralrural.html>.Google Scholar
Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). n. d. O Mst e a edu-caçào. <http://www.mst.org>..>Google Scholar
Navarro, Zander. 1994. Democracy, Citizenship and Representation: Rural Social Movements in Southern Brazil, 1978–1990. Bulletin of Latin American Research 13, 2: 129–54.Google Scholar
Navarro, Zander. 1997. Sete teses equivocadas sobre as lutas sociais no campo, o MST e a reforma agrária. In A reforma agrária e a luta do MST, ed. Joao, Pedro Stédile. Petropolis: Vozes. 111–32.Google Scholar
Nunes, Ivônio Barros. 1993. Reforma agrária, p'ra que? In Introduçào critica ao direito. Brasília: Centra de Educaçào Aberta, Continuada, a Distância, Uni-versidade de Brasília. 4042.Google Scholar
Oliveira, Omar Souki. 1993. Brazilian Soaps Outshine Hollywood: Is Cultural Imperialism Fading Out? In Beyond National Sovereignty: International Communication in the 1990s, ed. Kaarle, Nordenstreng and Herbert, I. Schiller. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. 116–31.Google Scholar
Ondetti, Gabriel A. 2002. Opportunities, Ideas, and Actions: the Brazilian Landless Movement, 1979–2001. Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Padgett, Tim. 1998. Brazil’s Landless Rebels. Time, Latin American edition, January 19: 12–17.Google Scholar
Page, Joseph A. 1995. The Brazilians. Reading: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Paiero, Denise, and José Roberto, Damatto Jr. 1996. Foices e sabres: a história de uma ocupaçào dos Sent Terra. São Paulo: Annablume.Google Scholar
Passarinho, Jarbas. 1997. A fábula se inverte. Estado de São Paulo, March 25. <http://www.estado.com.br>..>Google Scholar
Payne, Leigh A. 2000. Uncivil Movements: The Armed Right Wing and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Petras, James. 1997. Latin America: the Resurgence of the Left. New Left Review 223 (May-June): 1747.Google Scholar
Petry, Andre. 1997. Parado por 500 anos. Veja 30, 17 (April 16): 50–51.Google Scholar
Petry, André, and Eduardo, Oinegue. 1998. O que eles querem. Veja 31, 22 (June 3): 42–48.Google Scholar
Porto, Mauro P. 1998a. Telenovelas and Politics in the 1994 Brazilian Presidential Election. Communication Review 2, 4: 433–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porto, Mauro P. 1998b. Telenovelas, Politics, and National Identity in Brazil. Paper presented to the Society for Cinema Studies conference, San Diego, April 4–7.Google Scholar
Porto, Mauro P. 2001. Mass Media and Politics in Democratic Brazil. Paper presented at the Conference “15 Years of Democracy in Brazil,” Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London, February 15–16.Google Scholar
Reis, Leila. 1997. Figuraçào de senadores é o assunto da semana. Estado de São Paulo, January 24. <http://www.estado.com.br>..>Google Scholar
Rohter, Larry. 1999. Politics Threatens Brazilian Utility Sales. New York times, October 9: C2.Google Scholar
Ryan, Charlotte. 1991. Prime Time Activism: Media Strategies for Grassroots Organizing. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Salgado, Sebastiào. 1997a. Terra: Struggle of the Landless. London: Phaidon Press.Google Scholar
Salgado, Sebastiào. 1997b. The Dispossessed. Photo essay. New York times Magazine, April 20: 40–47.Google Scholar
Serviço Brasileiro de Justiça e Paz (SEJUP). 1997a. Land Issues: Widespread Approval of Land Occupation Tactic of Mst. News from Brazil 268 (April 3). <http://www.oneworld.orgsejup>..>Google Scholar
Serviço Brasileiro de Justiça e Paz (SEJUP). 1997b. Land Issues: Government Pays over 24000% More for Land than It Received for It. News from Brazil 293 (November 20).Google Scholar
Sigal, Leon V. 1973. Reporters and Officials: The Organization and Politics of Newsmaking. Lexington: D. C. Heath.Google Scholar
Smith, Christian. 1996. Resisting Reagan: The U. S. Central America Peace Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Snow, David A., and Robert, D. Benford. 1988. Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization. International Social Movement Research 1: 197217.Google Scholar
Snow, David A., and Robert, D. Benford. 1992. Master Frames and Cycles of Protest. In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon, D. Morris and Carol McClurg, Mueller. New Haven: Yale University Press. 133–55.Google Scholar
Snow, David A., Louis, A. Zurcher Jr., and Sheldon, Ekland-Olson. 1980. Social Networks and Social Movements: a Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment. American Sociological Review 45 (October): 787801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, David A., Burke Rochford, E. Jr., Steven, K. Worden, and Robert, D. Ben-ford. 1986. Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation. American Sociological Review 51 (August): 464–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorj, Bernardo. 1998. A reforma agrária em tempos de democracia e globalizaçào. Novos Estudos CEBRAP 50 (March): 2340.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tuchman, Gaye. 1978. Making News. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Valdés, Alberto, and Tom, Wiens. 1996. Rural Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean. Unpublished mss. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Vargas Llosa, Mario. 1984. The War of the End of the World [Guerra del fin del mundo]. Trans. Helen, Lane. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Veja (São Paulo). 1994. Olhai as foices dos pobres da terra. June 1: 7075.Google Scholar
Veja (São Paulo). 1997. A longa marcha. 30, 15 (April 16): 34–35.Google Scholar
Voese, Ingo. 1998. O movimento dos Sem-Terra na imprensa: um exercício de análise do discurso. Ijuí: Editora Unijuí.Google Scholar