Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-g78kv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-03T09:46:28.533Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mesoamerica as a Concept: An Archaeological View from Central America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2022

Winifred Creamer
Winifred Creamer*
Affiliation:
School of American Research, Santa Fe
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Since the term Mesoamerica was coined in 1943, it has been used widely as an inclusive analytical unit. Paul Kirchhoff's original definition was based on “geographic limits, ethnic composition, and cultural characteristics at the time of the Conquest” (Kirchhoff 1943, 94). He employed these criteria to delineate an area from northern Mexico south through Central America to the Gulf of Nicoya (1943, 98).

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , 1987 , pp. 35 - 62
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

∗

This article was originally presented as a paper at a meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Portland, Oregon, in 1984. The extensive revisions have incorporated valuable comments by Jonathan Haas, my colleagues at the School of American Research, and the LARR anonymous reviewers.

References

ABEL, SUZANNE 1978 “An Interpretation of Two Burnt Clay Features in an Early Central American Village: Vidor Site, Bay of Culebra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.” M.A. thesis, Brown University.Google Scholar
ABEL-VIDOR, SUZANNE 1981 “Ethnohistorical Approaches to the Archaeology of Greater Nicoya.” In benson 1981, 85–92. New York: Harry N. Abrams.Google Scholar
ADAMS, RICHARD E. W. 1977 Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
ANDREWS, E. WYLLYS, V 1976 The Archaeology of Quelepa, El Salvador. Middle American Research Institute Publication no. 42. New Orleans: Tulane University.Google Scholar
ANDREWS, E. WYLLYS, V. 1977 “The Southeastern Periphery of the Maya: A View from Eastern El Salvador.” In Social Process in Maya Prehistory, edited by Hammond, Norman New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
ASHMORE, WENDY 1981 Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
ASHMORE, WENDY, and SHARER, ROBERT J. 1978 “Excavations at Quiligua, Guatemala: The Ascent of an Elite Maya Center.” Archaeology 31: 10–19.Google Scholar
ASHMORE, WENDY, SCHORTMAN, EDWARD M., and URBAN, PATRICIA A. 1982 “The Classic Maya Fringe: Cultural Boundaries in the Southeast Mesoamerican Periphery.” Paper presented at the 81st meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
ASHMORE, WENDY, and WILLEY, GORDON R. 1981 “An Historical Introduction to the Study of Lowland Maya Settlement Pattern.” In ashmore 1981, 3–18.Google Scholar
BAUDEZ, CLAUDE F. 1967 “Recherches archéologiques dans la Vallée du Tempisque, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.” Travaux et Mémoires de l'Institut des Hautes Etudes de L'Amérique Latine 18.Google Scholar
BAUDEZ, CLAUDE F. 1976 “Llanura costera del golfo de Fonseca, Honduras.” Vínculos 2: 15–23.Google Scholar
BAUDEZ, CLAUDE F., and BECQUELIN, PIERRE 1973 Archéologie de los Naranjos, Honduras. Collection Etudes Mesoamericaines no. 2. Mexico City: Mission Archéologique et Ethnologique Française au Mexique.Google Scholar
BENSON, ELIZABETH P., ED. 1981 Between Continents/Between Seas: Precolumbian Art of Costa Rica. New York: Harry N. Abrams.Google Scholar
BERDAN, FRANCES FREI 1978 “Ports of Trade in Mesoamerica: A Reappraisal.” In Cultural Continuity in Mesoamerica, edited by Browman, David L., 179–98. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BLANCO V., AIDA, and G., SILVIA SALGADO 1980 “Rescate Arqueológico del Sitio 26–CN-Barrial de Heredia.” In Memoria del Congreso sobre el mundo centroamericano de su tiempo: IV Centenario de Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, 133–38. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Texto.Google Scholar
BLANTON, RICHARD E., KOWALEWSKI, STEPHEN A., FEINMAN, GARY, and APPEL, JILL 1981 Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
BRAY, WARWICK 1977 “Maya Metalwork and Its External Connections.” In Social Process in Maya Prehistory, edited by Hammond, Norman, 365–403. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
BRAY, WARWICK 1981 “Gold Work.” In benson 1981, 153–66.Google Scholar
BROWMAN, DAVID L. 1978 “Preface.” In Cultural Continuity in Mesoamerica, edited by Browman, David L., ix–x. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BRUHNS, KAREN OLSEN 1980 Cihuatan: An Early Postclassic Town of El Salvador. University of Missouri Monographs in Anthropology no. 5. Columbia: University of Missouri.Google Scholar
BYERS, DOUGLAS, ED. 1967 The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley 1. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
CALDWELL, JOSEPH 1964 “Interaction Spheres in Prehistory.” Hopezvellian Studies 12:133–43 (Illinois State Museum, Peoria).Google Scholar
CHAPMAN, ANN 1957 “Port of Trade Enclaves in Aztec and Maya Civilizations.” In Trade and Market in the Early Empires, edited by Polanyi, K., Arensberg, C. M., and Pearson, H. W., 114–51. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.Google Scholar
CHASE-DUNN, CHRISTOPHER, and RUBINSON, RICHARD 1977 “Toward a Structural Perspective on the World-System.” Politics and Society 7, no. 4: 453–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHILDE, V. GORDON 1951 Man Makes Himself. 1936. Reprint. New York: New American Library.Google Scholar
COE, MICHAEL D. 1962 “Costa Rican Archaeology and Mesoamerica.” Southwestern journal of Anthropology 18: 170–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
COOKE, RICHARD G. 1979 “Los impactos de las comunidades agrícolas precolombinas sobre los ambientes del trópico estacional: datos del Panamá prehistórico.” Actas del IV Simposio Internacional de Ecología Tropical, 917–73.Google Scholar
COOKE, RICHARD G. 1981 “Los hábitos alimentarios de los indígenas precolombinos de Panamá.” Academia Panameña de Medicina y Cirugía 6: 65–89.Google Scholar
COOKE, RICHARD G. 1984 “Some Current Research Problems in Central and Eastern Panama.” InGoogle Scholar
LANGE, and STONE, , 263–302.Google Scholar
CREAMER, WINIFRED 1983a “Production and Exchange on Two Islands in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica: A.D. 1200–1550.” Ph.D. diss., Tulane University.Google Scholar
LANGE, and STONE, , 263–302.Google Scholar
CREAMER, WINIFRED 1983b “Archaeological Faunal Remains as Indicators of Territory Size and Subsistence Strategy.” Brenesia 21: 395–401.Google Scholar
LANGE, and STONE, , 263–302. CREAMER, WINIFRED 1984 “Costa Rican Trade in Context.” In Interregional Ties in Costa Rican Prehistory, edited by Creamer, Winifred and Skirboll, Esther, 179–86. London: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
n.d. “Preliminary Archaeological Survey in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica.” Steward Journal of Anthropology (forthcoming).Google Scholar
CREAMER, WINIFRED, and HAAS, JONATHAN 1985 “Tribe vs. Chiefdom in Lower Central America.” American Antiquity 50: 738–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DAY, JANE STEVENSON 1984 “New Approaches in Stylistic Analysis: The Late Polychrome Period Ceramics from Hacienda Tempisque, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica.” Ph.D. diss., University of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
DAY, JANE STEVENSON, and ABEL-VIDOR, SUZANNE 1980 “The Late Polychrome Period: Guanacaste, Costa Rica.” Paper presented at the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
DEMAREST, ARTHUR, and SHARER, ROBERT J. 1982 “The Origins and Evolution of the Usulutan Ceramic Style.” American Antiquity 47: 810–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DIEHL, RICHARD A., LOMAS, ROGER, and WYNN, JACK T. 1974 “Toltec Trade with Central America: New Light and Evidence.” Archaeology 27: 182–87.Google Scholar
DROLET, ROBERT P. n.d. “Social Grouping and Residential Activities within a Late Phase Polity Network: Diquis Valley, Southeastern Costa Rica.” Steward journal of Anthropology (forthcoming).Google Scholar
DRUCKER, PHILLIP 1955 The Cerro de las Mesas Offering of fade and Other Materials. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin no. 157. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar
DUNN, MARY E. 1978 “Suggestions for Evaluating Archaeological Maize.” American Antiquity 43: 97–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EASBY, ELIZABETH 1981 “Jade.” In benson 1981, 135–52.Google Scholar
FERNANDEZ DE OVIEDO, GONZALO 1976 Nicaragua en los cronistas de Indias: Oviedo. Serie Cronistas no. 3. Managua: Banco de América, Fondo de Promoción Cultural.Google Scholar
FONSECA Z., OSCAR 1981 “Guayabo de Turrialba and Its Significance.” In benson 1981, 93–103.Google Scholar
FOX, JOHN W. 1981 “The Late Postclassic Eastern Frontier of Mesoamerica: Cultural Innovation along the Periphery.” Current Anthropology 22: 321–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FRIED, MORTON H. 1967 The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology. New York: Random House. 1975 The Notion of Tribe. Menlo Park, Calif.: Cummings.Google Scholar
FREIDEL, DAVID A. 1979 “Culture Areas and Interaction Spheres: Contrasting Approaches to the Emergence of Civilization in the Maya Lowlands.” American Antiquity 44: 36–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FREIDEL, DAVID A., and SABLOFF, JEREMY A. 1984 Cozumel: Late Maya Settlement Patterns. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
GROVE, DAVID C. 1974 “The Highland Olmec Manifestation: A Consideration of What Is and Isn't.” In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches, edited by Hammond, Norman, 109–28. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
GUTIERREZ G., MARITZA 1983 “Identificaciones preliminares de 76 muestras fáunicas procedentes del sitio Nacascolo, Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste.” In Interregional Ties in Costa Rican Prehistory, edited by Skirboll, Esther and Creamer, Winifred, 109–28.Google Scholar
HAAS, JONATHAN 1982 The Evolution of the Prehistoric State. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HAGGETT, PETER 1965 Locational Analysis in Human Geography London: E. Arnold.Google Scholar
HAMMOND, NORMAN, ASPINALL, ARNOLD, FEATHER, STUART, HAZELDEN, JOHN, GAZARD, TREVOR, and AGRELL, STUART 1977 “Maya Jade: Source Location and Analysis.” In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by Earle, Timothy K. and Ericson, Jonathon E., 35–67. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HAVILAND, WILLIAM A. 1970 “Tikal, Guatemala, and Mesoamerican Urbanism.” World Archaeology 2: 186–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HEALAN, DAN M., KERLEY, JANET M., and BEY III, GEORGE J. 1983 “Excavation and Preliminary Analysis of an Obsidian Workshop in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico.” Journal of Field Archaeology 10: 127–46.Google Scholar
HEALY, PAUL F. 1980 Archaeology of the Rivas Region of Nicaragua. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.Google Scholar
HEALY, PAUL F. 1984 “The Archaeology of Honduras.” In lange and stone 1984, 113–61.Google Scholar
HELMS, MARY W. 1975 Middle America: A Culture History of Heartlands and Frontiers. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
HELMS, MARY W. 1979 Ancient Panama: Chiefs in Search of Power. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
HENDERSON, JOHN S., STERNS, ILENE, WONDERLY, ANTHONY, and URBAN, PATRICIA 1979 “Archaeological Investigations in the Valle de Naco, Northwestern Honduras: A Preliminary Report.” Journal for Field Archaeology 6: 169–92.Google Scholar
HODDER, IAN, and ORTON, CLIVE 1976 Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
HURTADO DE MENDOZA, LUIS n.d. “Cerámica y patrones de asentamiento en la región de Guayabo de Turrialba.” Steward Journal of Anthropology (forthcoming).Google Scholar
JOHNSON, FREDERICK 1940 “The Linguistic Map of Mexico and Central America.” In The Maya and Their Neighbors, edited by Hay, Clarence L., Linton, Ralph L., Lothrop, Samuel K., Shapiro, Harry L., and Vaillant, George C., 88–114. New York: D. Appleton Century.Google Scholar
JOHNSON, FREDERICK 1948 “Central American Cultures: An Introduction.” In Handbook of South American Indians 4, edited by Steward, Julian H., 43–68. Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology no. 143. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar
JOYCE, ROSEMARY A. 1985 “Cerro Palenque, Valle de Ulua, Honduras: Terminal Classic Interaction on the Southern Mesoamerican Periphery.” Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois.Google Scholar
KIRCHHOFF, PAUL 1943 “Mesoamérica, sus límites geográficos, composición étnica y caracteres culturales.” Acta Americana 1: 92–107.Google Scholar
KROEBER, A. L. 1948 Anthropology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar
LANGE, FREDERICK W. 1976 “The Northern Central American Buffer: A Current Perspective.” LARR 11, no. 2: 177–83.Google Scholar
LANGE, FREDERICK W. 1977 “Estudios arqueológicos en el valle de Nosara, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.” Vínculos 3: 27–36.Google Scholar
LANGE, FREDERICK W. 1979 “Theoretical and Descriptive Aspects of Frontier Studies.” LARR 14, no. 1: 221–27.Google Scholar
LANGE, FREDERICK W. 1980 “Una ocupación del policromo tardío en el sitio Ruiz, cerca de Bahía Culebra.” Vínculos 6: 81–96.Google Scholar
n.d. “Pacific Coastal Ceramics in Highland Costa Rican Mortuary Contexts: Commerce or Ritual?” Manuscript on file at the National Museum of Costa Rica in San José.Google Scholar
LANGE, FREDERICK W., and ABEL-VIDOR, SUZANNE 1980 “Investigaciones arqueológicas en la zona del Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica (1973–1979),” Vínculos 6: 1–7.Google Scholar
LANGE, FREDERICK W., and ACCOLA, RICHARD M. 1979 “Metallurgy in Costa Rica.” Archaeology 32, no. 5: 26–33.Google Scholar
LANGE, FREDERICK W., BERNSTEIN, DAVID J., SIEGEL, MARTI, and TASE, DONALD 1974 “Preliminary Archaeological Research in the Nosara Valley.” Folk 18: 47–60.Google Scholar
LANGE, FREDERICK W., and STONE, DORIS Z., EDS. 1984 The Archaeology of Lower Central America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
LEVENTHAL, RICHARD M., DEMAREST, ARTHUR A., and WILLEY, GORDON R. 1982 “The Cultural and Social Components of Copán.” Paper presented at the 44th International Congress of Americanists, Manchester.Google Scholar
LONGYEAR, JOHN M. 1947 Cultures and Peoples of the Southeastern Maya Frontier. Carnegie Institution Theoretical Approaches to Problems, no. 3. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.Google Scholar
LOTHROP, SAMUEL K. 1937 “Cocle, An Archaeological Study of Central Panama: Part I.” Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 7, part 1.Google Scholar
LOTHROP, SAMUEL K. 1939 “The Southeastern Frontier of the Maya.” American Anthropologist 41: 42–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LOTHROP, SAMUEL K. 1952 “Metals from the Cenote of Sacrifice, Chichén Itzá, Yucatán.” Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 10, part 2.Google Scholar
MANGLESDORF, P. C. 1974 Corn, Its Origin, Evolution, and Improvements. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NORR, LYNETTE 1979 “Stone Burial Mounds and Petroglyphs of the Zoned Bichrome Period.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.Google Scholar
NORWEB, ALBERT H. 1964 “Ceramic Stratigraphy in Southwestern Nicaragua.” Acta, XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas 1:551–61. Mexico City: Editorial Libros de México.Google Scholar
PAILES, R. A., and WHITECOTTON, JOSEPH W. 1979 “The Greater Southwest and the Mesoamerican ‘World’ System: An Exploratory Model of Frontier Relationships.” In The Frontier, Comparative Studies 2, edited by Savage, William W and Thompson, Stephen I. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
POHORILENKO, ANATOLE 1981 “The Olmec Style and Costa Rican Archaeology.” In The Olmec and Their Neighbors, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., 309–27. Washington, D.C: Dumbarton Oaks.Google Scholar
PRICE, BARBARA J. 1977 “Shifts in Production and Organization: A Cluster-Interaction Model.” Current Anthropology 18: 209–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PROSKOURIAKOFF, TATIANA 1974 “Jades from the Cenote of Sacrifice, Chichén Itzá, Yucatán.” Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 10, part 1.Google Scholar
RANERE, ANTHONY J., and HANSELL, PAT 1978 “Early Subsistence Patterns along the Pacific Coast of Central Panama.” In Prehistoric Coastal Adaptations, edited by Stark, Barbara L. and Voorhies, Barbara, 43–59. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RATHJE, WILLIAM L. 1972 “Praise the Gods and Pass the Metates: An Hypothesis of the Development of Lowland Rainforest Civilizations in Mesoamerica.” In Contemporary Archaeology, edited by Leone, Mark P., 365–92. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
RENFREW, COLIN 1977 “Alternative Models for Exchange and Spatial Distribution.” In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by Earle, Timothy K. and Ericson, Jonathon E., 71–90. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROBINSON, EUGENIA 1978 “Maya Design Features of Mayoid Vessels of the Ulua-Yojoa Polychromes.” M.A. thesis, Tulane University.Google Scholar
n.d. “Site Typology of the Prehistoric Settlement of the Eastern Alluvial Fans, Sula Valley, Honduras: Comparison to Maya Settlement Forms.” Manuscript on file with the Proyecto Arqueológico Sula, La Lima, Honduras.Google Scholar
ROYS, RALPH 1972 The Indian Background of Colonial Yucatán. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
SABLOFF, JEREMY A., and FREIDEL, DAVID A. 1975 “A Model of a Pre-Columbian Trading Center.” In Ancient Civilization and Trade, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C., 369–408. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
SABLOFF, JEREMY A., and RATHJE, WILLIAM L. 1975 A Study of Changing Precolumbian Commercial Systems: The 1972–1973 Field Seasons at Cozumel, Mexico. Peabody Museum Monographs, no. 3. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University.Google Scholar
SAHLINS, MARSHALL 1968 Tribesmen. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
SERVICE, ELMAN R. 1975 Origins of the State and Civilization: The Process of Cultural Evolution. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
SHARER, ROBERT J. 1974 “The Prehistory of the Southeastern Maya Periphery.” Current Anthropology 15: 165–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SHARER, ROBERT J. 1978 The Prehistory of Chalchuapa, El Salvador. 3 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
SHARER, ROBERT J. 1984 “Lower Central America as Seen from Mesoamerica.” In lange and stone 1984, 63–84.Google Scholar
SHEETS, PAYSON D. 1979 “Maya Recovery from Volcanic Disasters: Ilopongo and Cerén.” Archaeology 32: 32–42.Google Scholar
SHEETS, PAYSON D. 1982 Volcanism and the Archaeology of Central America. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
SMITH, C. E. 1980 “Plant Remains from the Chiriqui Sites and Ancient Vegetational Patterns.” In Adaptive Radiations in Prehistoric Panama, edited by Linares, Olga F. and Ranere, Anthony J., 151–74. Monographs of the Peabody Museum, no. 5. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University.Google Scholar
SMITH, MICHAEL E., and HEATH-SMITH, CYNTHIA M. 1980 “Waves of Influence in Postclassic Mesoamerica? A Critique of the Mixteca-Puebla Concept.” Anthropology 4, no. 2: 15–50.Google Scholar
SNARSKIS, MICHAEL J. 1978 “The Archaeology of the Central Atlantic Watershed of Costa Rica.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University.Google Scholar
SNARSKIS, MICHAEL J. 1981 “The Archaeology of Costa Rica.” In benson 1981, 15–84.Google Scholar
SPENCE, MICHAEL W. 1982 “The Social Context of Production and Exchange.” In Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange, edited by Ericson, Jonathon E. and Earle, Timothy K., 173–97. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
STEWARD, JULIAN H. 1948 “The Circum-Caribbean Tribes: An Introduction.” In Handbook of South American Indians 4, edited by Steward, Julian H., 1–41. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin no. 143. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution,Google Scholar
STONE, DORIS Z. 1946 “La posición de las Chorotegas en la arqueología centroamericana.” Revista Mexicana de Etnología y Antropología 8: 121–32.Google Scholar
STONE, DORIS Z. 1977 Pre-Columbian Man in Costa Rica. Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum Press.Google Scholar
THOMPSON, J. E. S. 1970 Maya History and Religion. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
TURNER, FREDERICK JACKSON 1932 The Significance of Sections in American History. New York: H. Holt.Google Scholar
WALLERSTEIN, IMMANUEL 1976 The Modern World-System. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
WEAVER, MURIEL PORTER 1981 The Aztecs, Mayas, and Their Predecessors. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
WILLEY, GORDON R. 1966 An Introduction to American Archaeology 1. New York: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
WILLEY, GORDON R., EKHOLM, GORDON F., and MILLON, RENE F. 1964 “The Patterns of Farming Life and Civilization.” In Handbook of Middle American Indians 1, edited by West, Robert C., 446–98.Google Scholar
WILLEY, GORDON R., and LEVENTHAL, RICHARD M. 1979 “Prehistoric Settlement at Copán.” In Maya Archaeology and Ethnohistory, edited by Hammond, Norman and Willey, Gordon R. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
WOLF, ERIC R. 1976 The Valley of Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar