Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-09T20:23:17.825Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Political Participation in Latin America: An Agenda for Research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2022

Mitchell A. Seligson  and
John A. Booth
Mitchell A. Seligson
Affiliation:
University of Arizona
John A. Booth
Affiliation:
University of Texas at San Antonio
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The study of political participation in Latin America has, until very recently, been too narrowly conceived by social scientists, focusing largely on elites and violence. The former is illustrated by studies of the military (Lieuwen, 1961, 1966; Johnson, 1964; Horowitz, 1967; Fagen and Cornelius, 1970; Schmitter, 1973), the Church (Dillon Soares, 1967; Solari, 1967; Petersen, 1970; Suchlicki, 1972), industrialists (Cardoso, 1967; Polit, 1968; Petras and Cook, 1973), and large landholders (Whetten, 1948; Carroll, 1966; Feder, 1971; Cockroft, 1972). Attention to violent forms of political participation is found in studies of revolution and the military coup d'état (Payne, 1965; Needler, 1968; Von Lazar and Kaufman, 1969; Moreno and Mitrani, 1971; Kohl and Litt, 1974). Those studies that have centered on nonviolent mass participation (Horowitz, 1970) have generally been limited to elections (for example, Martz, 1967; Petras, 1970), political parties (Fitzgibbon, 1957; Ciria, 1974), and labor unions (Payne, 1965; Angell, 1972; Erickson et al., 1974). As a result of the narrowness of these approaches, we have only a partial image of the faces of the Latin American citizen political activity; we have underestimated the scope of such activity and have failed to investigate its many forms.

Type
Research Reports and Notes
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , 1976 , pp. 95 - 119
Copyright
Copyright © 1976 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

∗

We would like to thank the Institute of Government Research at the University of Arizona for supporting the preparation of this paper.

References

ABERBACH, JOEL D. 1969 “Alienation and Political Behavior.” American Political Science Review 63 (March):86–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ADAMS, RICHARD N. 1967 “Political Power and Social Structures.” In The Politics of Conformity in Latin America, Veliz, Claudio, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
ALMOND, GABRIEL, AND VERBA, SIDNEY 1965 The Civic Culture. Boston: Little Brown.Google Scholar
ANDERSON, THOMAS P. 1971 Matanza: El Salvador's Communist Revolt of 1932. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
ANGELL, ALAN 1972 Politics and the Labour Movement in Chile. Oxford: Oxford University Press for Royal Institute for International Affairs.Google Scholar
ARCHETTI, EDMUNDO FOSSUM, EGIL; AND REINTON, PER OLAV 1970 “Agrarian Structure and Peasant Autonomy.” Journal of Peace Research, pp. 125–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BAKER, CHRISTOPHER FERNANDEZ P., RONALD; AND STONE Z., SAMUEL 1972 El gobierno municipal en Costa Rica: Sus características y funciones. San José: Escuela de Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad de Costa Rica.Google Scholar
BANFIELD, EDWARD C. 1958 The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
BECK, NATHANIEL 1975 “The Paradox of Minimax Regret.” American Political Science Review 69 (September):918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BENNETT, STEPHEN E. 1973 “Consistency among the Public's Social Welfare Policy Attitudes in the 1960s.” American Journal of Political Science 17 (August):544–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BERELSON, BERNARD R. LAZARSFELD, PAUL F.; AND MCPHEE, WILLIAM N. 1954 Voting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
BERNS, WALTER 1968 “A Critique of Berelson, Lazarsfeld and McPhee's Voting.” In Public Opinion and Public Policy: Models of Political Linkage, Luttbeg, Norman R., ed. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
BOOTH, JOHN A. 1974 “Rural Violence in Colombia: 1948-1963.” Western Political Quarterly 27 (December):657–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BOOTH, JOHN A. 1975a “Democracy and Citizen Action in Costa Rica: The Modes and Correlates of Popular Participation in Politics.” Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
BOOTH, JOHN A. 1975b “Organizational Processes in the Growing Community: Strategies for Development.” Journal of the Community Development Society 6 (Spring):13–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BOOTH, JOHN A. 1976 “A Replication: Modes of Participation in Costa Rica.” Western Political Quarterly 29 (December). Forthcoming.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BOOTH, JOHN A. MONDOL V., MIGUEL; AND HERNÁNDEZ C., ÁLVARO. 1973 Estudio de tipología de comunidades, tomo II: Estudio para una tipología de comunidades. San José, Costa Rica: Dirección Nacional de Desarrollo de la Comunidad-Acción Internacional Técnica.Google Scholar
BOOTH, JOHN A., AND SELIGSON, MITCHELL A. 1975 “Dimensions of Political Participation among Latin American Peasants.” Paper presented at the Southwestern Political Science Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, March.Google Scholar
BOURQUE, SUSAN C, AND PALMER, DAVID SCOTT 1975 “Transforming the Rural Sector: Government Policy and Peasant Response.” In The Peruvian Experiment: Continuity and Change under Military Rule, Lowenthal, Abraham F., ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
BRUHNS, F. C. CAZZOLA, F.; AND WIATR, J. 1974 Local Politics, Development and Participation: A Cross-National Study of Interrelationships. Pittsburgh: University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
BRUNEAU, THOMAS 1973 “Power and Influence: Analysis of the Church in Latin America and the Case of Brazil.” LARR 8, no. 2 (Summer):25–52.Google Scholar
CAMPBELL, ANGUS CONVERSE, PHILIP E. MILLER, WARREN E.; AND STOKES, DONALD S. 1960 The American Voter. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
CARDOSO, FERNANDO H. 1967 “The Industrial Elite.” In Elites in Latin America, Lipset, S. M. and Solari, A., eds. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
CARROLL, THOMAS F. 1966 “The Large Landholder and the Possibilities and Problems of Agrarian Reform.” In Latin American Politics, Tomasek, Robert D., ed. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
CIRIA, ALBERTO 1974 Parties and Power in Modern Argentina (1930-1946). Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
CITRIN, JACK 1974 “Comment.” American Political Science Review 68 (September):973–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CLARKE, JAMES W. 1973 “Race and Political Behavior.” In Comparative Studies of Blacks and Whites in the United States, Miller, Kent S. and Dreger, Ralph M., eds. New York: Seminar Press.Google Scholar
COCKROFT, JAMES D. 1972 “Social and Economic Structures of the Porfiriato: Mexico, 1877-1911.” In Dependence and Underdevelopment: Latin America's Political Economy, Cockroft, James D. Frank, André Gunder; and Johnson, Dale L., eds. Garden City: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
CONVERSE, PHILIP E. 1968 “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In Public Opinion and Public Policy, Luttbegg, Norman R., ed. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
CORNELIUS, WAYNE A. 1973 Political Learning among the Migrant Poor: The Impact of Presidential Context. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
CORNELIUS, WAYNE A. 1974 “Urbanization and Political Demand Making: Political Participation among the Migrant Poor in Latin American Cities.” American Political Science Review 68 (September):1125–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CORNELIUS, WAYNE A. 1975 Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
DENTON, CHARLES F., AND LAWRENCE, PRESTON L. 1972 Latin American Politics: A Functional Approach. New York: Chandler.Google Scholar
DIETZ, HENRY A. 1974 “Becoming a Poblador: Political Adjustment to the Urban Environment in Lima, Peru.” Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
DIETZ, HENRY A. 1975 “Some Modes of Participation in an Authoritarian Regime.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, September.Google Scholar
DILLON SOARES, GLAÚCIO ARY 1967 “Intellectual Identity and Political Ideology among University Students.” In Elites in Latin America, S. Lipset, M., and Solari, A., eds. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
DOWNS, ANTHONY 1957 An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
ERASMUS, CHARLES J. 1968 “Community Development and the Encogido Syndrome.” Human Organization 27 (Spring):65–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ERICKSON, KENNETH PAUL PEPPE, PATRICK V.; AND SPALDING, HOBART A. JR. 1974 “Research on the Urban Working Class and Organized Labor in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile: What is Left to be Done?” LARR 9, no. 2 (Summer):115–42.Google Scholar
FAGEN, RICHARD R., AND CORNELIUS, WAYNE A. 1970 Political Power in Latin America: Seven Confrontations. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
FEDER, ERNEST 1971 The Rape of the Peasantry: Latin America's Landholding System. Garden City: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
FEREJOHN, JOHN A., AND FIORINA, MORRIS P. 1975 “Closeness Counts Only in Horseshoes and Dancing.” American Political Science Review 69 (September):920–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FERNANDEZ, JULIO A. 1970 The Political Elite in Argentina. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
FITZGIBBON, RUSSELL H. 1957 “The Party Potpourri in Latin America.” Western Political Quarterly 10 (March):3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FORMAN, SHEPARD 1975 The Brazilian Peasantry. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
FOSTER, GEORGE 1965 “Peasant Society and the Image of the Limited Good.” American Anthropologist 66 (October):292–315.Google Scholar
FOSTER, GEORGE 1970 “Comment.” Human Organization 29 (Winter):313–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FROHLICH, NORMAN 1975 “The Instability of Minimum Winning Coalitions.” American Political Science Review 69 (September):943–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GAMSON, WILLIAM A. 1968 Power and Discontent. Homewood, Ill.: The Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
GOLDRICH, DANIEL 1970 “Political Organization and Politicization of the Poblador.” Comparative Political Studies 3 (July): 176–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GONZALEZ, EDWARD 1974 Cuba under Castro: The Limits of Charisma. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
GOODIN, R. E., AND ROBERTS, K. W. S. 1975 “The Ethical Voter.” American Political Science Review 69 (September):926–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GREEN, PAUL E., AND CARMONE, FRANK J. 1970 Multidimensional Scaling and Related Techniques in Marketing Analysis. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
GURR, TED ROBERT 1970 Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
HANDELMAN, HOWARD 1975a “The Political Mobilization of Urban Squatter Settlements.” LARR 10, no. 2 (Summer):35–72.Google Scholar
HANDELMAN, HOWARD 1975b Struggle in the Andes: Peasant Political Mobilization in Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HOROWITZ, IRVING LOUIS 1967 “The Military Elites.” In Elites in Latin America, Lipset, S. M. and Solari, A., eds. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
HOROWITZ, IRVING LOUIS (ED.) 1970 Masses in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
HUIZER, GERRIT 1969 “Community Development, Land Reform, and Political Participation: Preliminary Observations and Some Cases in Latin America.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 28 (April):159–78.Google Scholar
HUIZER, GERRIT 1972 The Revolutionary Potential of Peasants in Latin America. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
HUNTINGTON, SAMUEL P. 1967 Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
INKELES, ALEX, AND SMITH, DAVID H. 1974 Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JOHNSON, JOHN J. 1958 Political Change in Latin America: The Emergence of the Middle Sectors. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
JOHNSON, JOHN J. 1964 The Military and Society in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
JOHNSON, STEPHEN C. 1967 “Hierarchical Clustering Schemes.” Psychometrika 32 (September): 241–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KEY, V. O. 1966 The Responsible Electorate. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KIM, JAE-ON NIE, NORMAN H.; AND VERBA, SIDNEY 1974 “The Amount and Concentration of Political Participation.” Political Methodology 1 (Spring):105–32.Google Scholar
KAHL, JOSEPH A. 1968 The Measurement of Modernism. Austin: University of Texas Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KOHL, JAMES, AND LITT, JOHN 1974 Urban Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press.Google Scholar
KRUSKAL, JOSEPH B. 1964a “Multidimensional Scaling by Optimizing Goodness of Fit to a Nonmetric Hypothesis.” Psychometrika 29 (March):1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KRUSKAL, JOSEPH B. 1964b “Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling: A Numerical Method.” Psychometrika 29 (June):115–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LANDSBERGER, HENRY A. 1973 “The Conditions and Limits of Peasant Participation in Mexico.” In A Political Inquiry: Mexico, Glade, William P. and Ross, Stanley R., eds. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
LANDSBERGER, HENRY A. (ED.) 1969 Latin American Peasant Movements. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
LANDSBERGER, HENRY A. (ED.) 1970 The Church and Social Change in Latin America. Notre Dame, Ind.: The University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
LANDSBERGER, HENRY A.; AND HEWITT DE ALCANTARA, CYNTHIA N. 1970 The Peasant Movement of La Laguna, Mexico: History, Structure, Participation, and Effectiveness. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, Research Paper No. 17.Google Scholar
LANDSBERGER, HENRY A.; AND HEWITT DE ALCANTARA, CYNTHIA N. 1971 “From Revolution to Pressure-Group Politics and Cooperation: A Case Study of a Mexican Peasant.” In Two Blades of Grass: Rural Cooperation in Developing Countries. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
LANE, ROBERT E. 1959 Political Life: Why People Get Involved in Politics. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press.Google Scholar
LANGTON, KENNETH P. 1975 “Situation, Psychological Dispositions, and Learning in Understanding the Decision to Participate Politically.” Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, September.Google Scholar
LEWIS, OSCAR 1959 Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
LEWIS, OSCAR 1966 La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty. San Juan and New York: Random House.Google Scholar
LIEUWEN, EDWIN 1961 Arms and Politics in Latin America. New York: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
LIEUWEN, EDWIN 1966 Generals vs. Presidents: Neomilitarism in Latin America. New York: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
LINGOES, JAMES C. 1973 The Guttman-Lingoes Nonmetric Program Series. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Mathesis Press.Google Scholar
LIPSET, SEYMOUR MARTIN, AND SOLARI, ALDO (EDS.) 1967 Elites in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
MCCLELLAND, DAVID 1961 The Achieving Society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MCCLINTOCK, CYNTHIA 1975 “Socioeconomic Status and Political Participation in Peru: The Impact of Agrarian Cooperatives 1969-1975.” Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, September.Google Scholar
MALLOY, JAMES M. 1970 Bolivia: The Uncompleted Revolution. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
MALLOY, JAMES M. 1975 “The Evolution of Social Security Policy in Brazil: Policy-Making and Income Distribution.” Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, September.Google Scholar
MALLOY, JAMES M. 1976 Corporatism and Authoritarianism in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
MALLOY, JAMES M.; AND THORN, RICHARD S. (EDS.) 1971 Beyond the Revolution: Bolivia Since 1952. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
MARTZ, JOHN D. 1967 “Costa Rican Electoral Trends, 1953-1968.” Western Political Quarterly 20 (December):888–909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MAYER, LAWRENCE S., AND GOOD, I. J. 1975 “Is Minimax Regret Applicable to Voting Decisions?” American Political Science Review 69 (September):916–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MESA-LAGO, CARMELO 1971 Revolutionary Change in Cuba: Polity, Economy, Society. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
MESA-LAGO, CARMELO 1973 “La estratificación de la seguridad social y el efecto de desigualdad en América Latina: El caso peruano.” Estudios Andinos 58:17–48. Social Security Stratification and Inequality in Latin America. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
MILBRATH, LESTER W. 1965 Political Participation: How and Why Do People Get Involved in Politics? Chicago: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
MILLER, ARTHUR H. 1974a “Political Issues and Trust in Government: 1964-1970.” American Political Science Review 68 (September):951–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MILLER, ARTHUR H. 1974b “Rejoinder.” American Political Science Review 68 (September):989–1001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MORENO, FRANCISCO JOSÉ, AND MITRANI, BARBARA (EDS.) 1971 Conflict and Violence in Latin American Politics. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.Google Scholar
NEEDLER, MARTIN 1968 Political Development in Latin America: Instability, Violence and Evolutionary Change. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
NIE, NORMAN H., ANDERSEN, WITH, KRISTI, 1974 “Mass Belief Systems Revisited: Political Change and Attitude Structure.” Journal of Politics 36 (August):540–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NIE, NORMAN H. POWELL, G. BINGHAM JR.; AND PREWITT, KENNETH 1969 “Social Structure and Political Participation: I and II.” American Political Science Review 63 (June/September):361-78, 808–32.Google Scholar
NUN, JOSÉ 1967 “The Middle-Class Military Coup.” In The Politics of Conformity in Latin America, Veliz, Claudio, ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
OWEN, GUILLERMO 1975 “Evaluation of a Presidential Election Game.” American Political Science Review 69 (September):947–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PALMER, DAVID SCOTT 1973 “Revolution from Above: Military Government and Popular Participation in Peru, 1968-1972.” Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
PATEMAN, CAROLE 1970 Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PAYNE, JAMES L. 1965 Labor and Politics in Peru. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
PEATTIE, LISA REDFIELD 1970 The View from the Barrio. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
PETERSEN, JOHN H. 1970 “Recent Research on Latin American University Students.” LARR 5, no. 1 (Spring):37–58.Google Scholar
PETRAS, JAMES 1970 Politics and Social Forces in Chilean Development. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
PETRAS, JAMES, AND COOK, THOMAS 1973 “Politics in a Nondemocratic State: The Argentine Industrial Elite.” In Latin America: From Dependence to Revolution, Petras, James, ed. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
POLIT, GUISTAVO 1968 “The Argentine Industrialist.” In Latin America: Reform or Revolution?, Petras, James and Zeitlin, Maurice, eds. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett.Google Scholar
PORTES, ALEJANDRO 1972a “Rationality in the Slum: An Essay on Interpretive Sociology.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 14 (June):268–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PORTES, ALEJANDRO 1972b “Society's Perception of the Sociologist and Its Impact on Cross-National Research.” Rural Sociology 37:27–42.Google Scholar
PORTES, ALEJANDRO 1973a “The Factorial Structure of Modernity: Empirical Replications and A Critique.” American Journal of Sociology 79 (July):15–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PORTES, ALEJANDRO 1973b “Modernity and Development: A Critique.” Studies in Comparative International Development 9 (Spring):277–79.Google Scholar
PORTES, ALEJANDRO 1973c “Sociology and the Use of Secondary Data.” In Quantitative Social Science Research on Latin America, Byars, R. S. and Love, J. L., eds. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
POWELL, JOHN D. 1970 “Peasant Society and Clientelist Politics.” American Political Science Review 64 (June):411–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PROTHRO, JAMES W., AND GRIGG, CHARLES M. 1960 “Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement.” Journal of Politics 22 (May):276–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RATINOFF, LUIS 1967 “The New Urban Group: The Middle Classes.” In Elites in Latin America, Lipset, S. M. and Solari, A., eds. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
REPASS, DAVID E. 1971 “Issue Salience and Party Choice.” American Political Science Review 65 (June):389–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROBERTS, BRYAN 1970 “The Social Organization of Low-Income Families.” In Crucifixion by Power, Adams, Richard N., ed. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
ROMNEY, A. KIMBAL, ET AL. 1972 Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications in the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Seminar Press.Google Scholar
ROSENBERG, MARK 1976 “The Politics of Social Security Policy in Costa Rica.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
ROTTER, J. B. 1966 “Generalized Expectation for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement.” Psychological Monographs 80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RUMMEL, R. J. 1970 Applied Factor Analysis. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
SALISBURY, ROBERT H. 1975 “Research on Political Participation.” American Journal of Political Science 19 (May):323–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SCHMITT, KARL M. (ED.) 1972 The Roman Catholic Church in Latin America. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
SCHMITTER, PHILIPPE C. (ED.) 1973 Military Rule in Latin America: Function, Consequences and Perspectives. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
SEEMAN, MELVIN 1959 “On the Meaning of Alienation.” American Sociological Review 24 (December):783–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SELIGSON, MITCHELL A. 1974 “The Peasant and Agrarian Capitalism in Latin America.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
SELIGSON, MITCHELL A. 1976 “Cynicism, Powerlessness, and the Latin American Peasant: A Comparison of Squatters, Smallholders and Landless Laborers in Costa Rica.” Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Political Science Association, Dallas, Texas, April.Google Scholar
SELIGSON, MITCHELL A., AND WACHONG, ELENA A. 1975 “Reducing the Structural Incentives for High Peasant Fertility in Latin America.” Research proposal funded by the Population Policy Research Program of the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations.Google Scholar
SOLARI, ALDO 1967 “Secondary Education and the Development of Elites.” In Elites in Latin America, Lipset, S. M. and Solari, A., eds. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
SOLARI, MAURICIO, AND QUINN, MICHAEL 1973 Sinners and Heretics: The Politics of Military Intervention in Latin America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
STEPHENS, STEPHEN V. 1975 “The Paradox of Not Voting: Comment.” American Political Science Review 69 (September):914–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
STRICKON, ARNOLD, AND GREENFIELD, SIDNEY M. (EDS.) 1972 Structure and Process in Latin America: Patronage, Clientage and Power Systems. Albuqerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
STROM, GERALD S. 1975 “On the Apparent Paradox of Participation: A New Proposal.” American Political Science Review 69 (September):908–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SUCHLICKI, JAIME 1972 “Sources of Student Violence in Latin America: An Analysis of the Literature.” LARR 7, no. 3 (Fall):31–48.Google Scholar
TULLOCK, GORDON 1975 “The Paradox of Not Voting for Oneself.” American Political Science Review 69 (September):919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TYLER, WILLIAM G. 1975 Data Banks and Archives for Social Science Research on Latin America. Gainesville, Florida: Consortium of Latin America Studies Programs.Google Scholar
USLANER, ERIC M., AND DAVIS, J. RONNIE 1975 “The Paradox of Vote Trading: Effects of Decision Rules and Voting Strategies on Externalities.” American Political Science Review 69 (September):929–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VALLIER, IVAN 1967 “Religious Elites: Diffentiation and Developments in Roman Catholicism.” In Elites in Latin America, Lipset, S. M. and Solari, A., eds. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
VERBA, SIDNEY, AND NIE, NORMAN H. 1972 Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
VERBA, SIDNEY NIE, NORMAN H. BARBIC, ANA IRWIN, GALEN MOLLEMAN, HENK; AND SHABAD, GOLDIE 1973 “The Modes of Participation: Continuities in Research.” Comparative Political Studies 6 (July):235–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VERBA, SIDNEY NIE, NORMAN H.; AND KIM, JAE-ON 1971 The Modes of Democratic Participation. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
VINCENT, JACK E. 1971 Factor Analysis in International Relations. Gainesville: University Press.Google Scholar
VON LAZAR, ARPAD 1971 Latin American Politics: A Primer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
VON LAZAR, ARPAD, AND KAUFMAN, ROBERT R. (EDS.) 1969 Reform and Revolution: Readings in Latin American Politics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
WALKER, JACK 1966 “A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy.” American Political Science Review 60 (June):285–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WEISBERG, HERBERT F., AND NIEMI, RICHARD G. 1976 Controversies in American Voting Behavior. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
WHETTEN, NATHAN L. 1948 Rural Mexico. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
WOODWARD, JULIAN, AND ROPER, ELMO 1950 “Political Activity of American Citizens.” American Political Science Review 44 (December):872–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
YGLESIAS, JOSÉ 1969 In the Fist of the Revolution. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
ZEITLIN, MAURICE 1967 Revolutionary Politics and the Cuban Working Class. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar