1. These publications include Arthur J. O. Anderson, Frances Berdan, and James Lockhart, Beyond the Codices: The Nahua View of Colonial Mexico (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976); Frances Kartunnen and James Lockhart, Nahuatl in the Middle Years: Language Contact Phenomena in Texts of the Colonial Period (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976); Frances Kartunnen and James Lockhart, The Art of Nahuatl Speech: The Bancroft Dialogues (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1987); James Lockhart, Frances Berdan, and Arthur J. O. Anderson, The Tlaxcalan Actas: A Compendium of the Records of the Cabildo of Tlaxcala (1545–1627) (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987).

2. James Lockhart, Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center, 1991); and Lockhart, The Nahuas after the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992).

3. See Susan D. Gillespie, The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexica History (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989), especially chapters 6 and 7; and Ross Hassig, Mexico and the Spanish Conquest (London and New York: Longman, 1994). Also directly relevant are two of Hassig's earlier books: Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988); and War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992). See also John E. Kicza, 'A Comparison of Spanish and Indian Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico,“ in Five Centuries of Mexican History, edited by Virginia Guedea and Jaime E. Rodríguez O. (San Juan Mixcoac, Mexico: Instituto Mora and University of California, Irvine, 1992), 1:49–63.

4. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble, Book Twelve: The Conquest of Mexico (Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research, 1955).

5. John Bierhorst, Cantares Mexicanos: Songs of the Aztecs (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1985); and its companion volume, A Nahuatl-English Dictionary and Concordance to the Cantares Mexicanos, with an Analytic Transcription and Grammatical Notes (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1985).

6. The Testaments of Culhuacan, edited by S. L. Cline and Miguel León-Portilla (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1984); S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580–1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986); and Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, The Conquest of New Spain, 1585 Revision, translated by Howard F. Cline, edited with an introduction and notes by S. L. Cline (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1989).

7. See especially Pedro Carrasco, “Family Structure of Sixteenth-Century Tepoztlan,” in Process and Pattern in Culture, edited by Robert A. Manners (Chicago, Ill.: Aldine, 1964), 185–210; Carrasco, “La casa y la hacienda de un señor tlalhuica,” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 10 (1972):225–44; and Carrasco, “The Joint Family in Ancient Mexico: The Case of Molotla,” in Essays in Mexican Kinship, edited by Hugo Nutini et al. (Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1976), 45–64.

8. For a comprehensive study focusing on the political structure of indigenous communities in an important region of colonial central Mexico and on the political and social attributes and behavior of their officeholders, see Robert S. Haskett, Indigenous Rulers: An Ethnohistory of Town Government in Colonial Cuernavaca (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991).

9. Leslie S. Offutt, “Levels of Acculturation as Suggested by San Esteban Testaments: A Comparison of Wills from the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 22 (1992):409–43. A transcription and translation of some of these testaments is provided in Eustaquio Celestino Solís, El señorío de San Esteban del Saltillo: Voz y escritura nahuas, Siglos XVII y XVIII (Saltillo: Archivo Municipal de Saltillo, 1991). A description of the collection is available in David Lorey, “Eighteenth-Century Nahuatl Documents from the Mexican North,” UCLA Historical Journal 7 (1986):60–74.

10. Estratificación social en el Mesoamérica prehispánica, edited by Pedro Carrasco, Johanna Broda et al. (Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1976); and Economía política e ideología en el México prehispánico, edited by Pedro Carrasco and Johanna Broda (Mexico City: Nueva Imagen, 1978).

11. William B. Taylor, Drinking, Homicide, and Rebellion in Colonial Mexican Villages (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1979).

12. For thoughtful analysis of some of these individual revolts and identification of broader patterns in rural insurrections in the course of Mexican history, see Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico, edited by Friedrich Katz (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988). See also John Tutino's important interpretation in From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence, 1750–1940 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986).

13. Alfredo Moreno Cebrián, El corregidor de indios y la economía peruana en el Siglo XVIII (los repartos forzosos de mercancías) (Madrid: Instituto “Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo,” 1977); Jürgen Golte, Repartos y rebeliones: Túpac Amaru y las contradicciones de la economía colonial (Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 1980); Scarlett O'Phelan Godoy, Rebellions and Revolts in Eighteenth-Century Peru and Upper Peru (Cologne: Bohlau Verlag, 1985); and Resistance, Rebellion, and Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World, 18th to 20th Centuries, edited by Steve J. Stern (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986).

14. Serge Gruzinski, Man-Gods in the Mexican Highlands: Indian Power and Colonial Society, 1520–1800 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989).

15. Carroll's book expands on a small but worthy corpus of earlier works focusing on this racial group: Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán, La población negra de México, 1519–1810: Estudio etnohistórico (Mexico City: Fuente Cultural, 1946); Ward Barrett, The Sugar Hacienda of the Marqueses del Valle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970); Cheryl English Martin, Rural Society in Colonial Morelos (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985); Adriana Naveda Chávez-Hita, Esclavos negros en las haciendas azucareras de Córdoba, Veracruz, 1690–1830 (Jalapa: Universidad Veracruzana, 1987); and Colin Palmer, Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico, 1570–1650 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976).