1. Michael Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington, and Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy (New York: New York University Press, 1975), pp. 1–5, 169.

2. Cf. José Nun, 'The Middle Class Military Coup,“ in Claudio Véliz, ed., The Politics of Conformity in Latin America (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 86–88; also Aníbal Quijano, Nationalism and Capitalism in Peru. A Study of Neo-Imperialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971), pp. 6–17.

3. Cf. Jurgen Habermas, Legitimation Crisis (Boston: Beacon Press, 1975), p. 50.

4. See Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), pp. 78–92.

5. See Donal Cruise O'Brien, “Modernization, Order, and the Erosion of a Democratic Ideal: American Political Science, 1960–1970,” Journal of Development Studies (July 1972), pp. 351–78.

6. See “Imitation does not work,” Interview with Raúl Prebisch, South (January 1981), pp. 29–33.

7. Arturo Valenzuela and J. Samuel Valenzuela, “Visions of Chile,” LARR 10, no. 3 (Fall 1975):156–58.

8. Ernest Halperin, Nationalism and Communism in Chile (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965), p. 40.

9. Norman Gall, “The Chileans Have Elected a Revolution,” The New York Times Magazine, 1 November 1970, p. 106.

10. Carlos Altamirano, Dialéctica de una derrota (México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, S.A., 1977), pp. 213–25.

11. Cf. Jorge Nef, “Chile. A Post Mortem,” New Scholar 7, nos. 1–2, pp. 271–81.

12. A good study of the political functions of inflation in Chile is provided in the classical study of Albert Hirschman, Journeys towards Progress (New York: Twentieth Century, 1963), pp. 202, 209, 223.

13. Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, The Political Economy of Human Rights: Volume I. The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1979), pp. ix-83.

14. Cf. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stapan, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). Valenzuela's books is a section of this larger project, Part 4, pp. i—168.

15. See my critique of Valenzuela's Political Brokers in Chile … in “Chilean Politics: Dreams and Nightmares,” Review/Revista Interamericana 9, no. 1 (Spring 1979):144–48.

16. Arturo Valenzuela, Political Brokers in Chile. Local Government in a Centralized Polity (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1977); also Arturo and Samuel Valenzuela, eds., Chile: Politics and Society (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1976).

17. Giovanni Sartori, “European Political Parties: A Case of Polarized Pluralism,” in Joseph LaPalombara and M. Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 3–42.

18. To a great extent his findings are congruent with my study on the fragmentation of centrist politics in Chile. J. Nef, “Centrist Fragmentation and Political Disintegration: The Chilean Case,” North-South. Canadian Journal of Latin American Studies 4, no. 8, pp. 89–115.

19. Hirschman, Journeys, pp. 209–24.

20. Cf. Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernización y autoritarismo (Buenos Aires: Paidos, 1972), passim.

21. Cf. P. N. Rosenstein-Rodan, “Why Allende Failed,” Challenge (May-June 1974). Also in a letter to the New York Times of Sunday, 16 June 1974.

22. Fred Landis, “The CIA Makes Headlines. Psychological Warfare in Chile,” Liberation (March-April 1975), pp. 21–32. Also Donald Freed and Fred Landis, Death in Washington. The Murder of Orlando Letelier (Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill and Co., 1980), passim.

23. The concept has been elaborated by Tom Baumgartner, Walter Buckly, Tom R. Burns, and Peter Schuster, “Meta Power and the Structuring of Social Hierarchies,” in Tom R. Burns and Walter Buckly, eds., Power and Control: Social Structures and Their Transformation (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1976), pp. 224–25.

24. See, for instance, the formulation by Douglas Chalmers, “Developing on the Periphery: External Factors in Latin American Politics,” in Yale H. Ferguson, ed., Contemporary Inter-American Relations. A Reader on Theory and Issues (Engelwood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972), p. 12.

25. See, amongst others, Nicos Poulantzas, Las crisis de las dictaduras. Portugal, Grecia, España (México: Siglo XXI, 1976), passim; also Political Power and Social Classes (London: New Left Books, 1973), pp. 255–360. Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society. An Analysis of the Western System of Power (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1974), passim. Alan Wolfe, The Limits of Legitimacy: Contradictions in Contemporary Capitalism (New York: Free Press, 1977), passim. Ernesto Laclau, Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory (London: New Left Books, 1978). A good synthesis of Gramsci's work can be found in Carl Boggs, Gramsci's Marxism (London: Pluto Press, 1976).

26. See, for instance, Jorge Chateau, “Antecedentes teóricos del estudio de la geopolítica y doctrinas castrenses. Notas para una investigación,” Documento de Trabajo (enero 1977), mimeographed; “Características principales del pensamiento geopolítico chileno. Analysis de dos libros,” Documento de Trabajo (marzo 1977), mimeographed; and “Geopolítica y regionalización. Algunas generalizaciones,” Documento de Trabajo, no. 75–78 (agosto 1978), mimeographed; Augusto Varas and Carlos Portales, “Carrera armamentista y conflicto local en América del Sur: tendencias generales e hipóthesis de trabajo,” Documento de Trabajo (noviembre 1977), mimeographed. Frederick M. Nunn, “New Thoughts on Military Intervention in Latin American Politics: The Chilean Case, 1973,” Journal of Latin American Studies 7 (1975), pp. 271–364. Liisa L. North, “The Military in Chilean Politics,” Studies in Comparative International Development 11, no. 2 (Summer 1976):73–106. J. Nef, “The Politics of Repression: The Social Pathology of the Chilean Military,” Latin American Perspectives, nos. 1, 2 (Summer 1974), pp. 58–77.

27. Perhaps an examination of counterinsurgency and national security doctrines, both creatures of Cold War America, will throw some light on the understanding of military bureaucracies and the threats they pose to democracy in the periphery … and the center. I suggest reading the United States Army Special Warfare School, Counterinsurgency Planning Guide, Special Text Number 31–176, prepared by the Department of Counterinsurgency, United States Army Special Warfare School (2d ed., Ft. Bragg, North Carolina, May 1964); also William Barber and Neale C. Ronning, Internal Security and Military Power: Counter Insurgency and Civic Action in Latin America (Columbus, OH.: Ohio State University Press, 1966).

28. Chomsky and Herman, Political Economy of Human Rights, pp. 47–83.

29. I have elaborated on this notion in “Chile's ‘Neo-Democracy’: A Road to Pluralism on the Mystification of Dependent Corporatism?,” Paper presented at the Conference on Latin American Prospects for the Eighties, The Norman Patterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, 13–15 November 1980. The transnationalization of the state is a process characterized by six traits: (a) functional incorporation of external constituencies to the support system of the state, (b) manifold external linkages providing inputs to maintain adequate support become more important than internal constituencies, (c) accumulation and legitimation occur at the transnational level, (d) internal constituencies are marginalized, (e) external accountability of the state in terms of effectiveness and legitimacy, (f) denationalization.

30. Cf. The Economist, Survey, 2 February 1980, passim.

31. Manuel Antonio Garretón, “Institucionalización y oposición al régimen autoritario chileno,” CLACSO, Feb.–March 1980, passim; mimeographed.

32. Dialogando, no. 39 (October 1980), p. 1.

33. Cf. Fred Landis, “Robert Moss, Arnaud de Borchgrave, and Right-Wing Disinformation,” Covert Action, no. 10 (August–September 1980), pp. 37–44.