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10. Ibid., 216.

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14. Bigelow (1846–1921) was a professor and dean at Boston University Law School; Bliss (1814–1889) was a congressman, served on the Missouri Supreme Court, and founded the University of Missouri Law School; Carter (1827–1905) was a prominent corporate lawyer and civil reformer in New York City and an active alumnus of Harvard Law School; Cooley (1824–1898) was professor and dean at the University of Michigan Law School, a judge on the Michigan Supreme Court, chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission, and president of the American Bar Association; Dillon (1831–1914) was a lawyer, a judge on the Iowa Supreme Court, and a law professor at Columbia University; Hammond (1829–1894) was a professor at the Iowa Law School and later dean of St. Louis Law School; Holmes (1841–1935) was a lawyer in Boston, a professor at Harvard Law School, and a judge on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and the United States Supreme Court; Thayer (1831–1902) was a practicing lawyer in Boston before becoming a professor at Harvard Law School in 1874; Tiedeman (1857–1902) was a professor at the University of Missouri Law School and the University of the City of New York and dean at the University of Buffalo Law School; Wharton (1820–1899) had a varied career as a lawyer, theologian, priest, law professor at the Boston University Law School, and solicitor of the Department of State. I derive many of these biographical details from rabban, “The Historiography of Late Nineteenth-Century American Legal History,” 568.

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18. Ibid., 150.

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21. Bigelow, “Introduction,” in ibid., 1.

22. Ibid., 1–2.

23. Ibid., 13.

24. Bigelow, “Law under equality or Inequality Defined,” in ibid., 143.

25. Brooks Adams, “Nature of Law: Methods and Aim of a Legal education,” in ibid., 25.

26. Bigelow, “Scientific Method in Law,” in ibid., 195–96.

27. Ibid., 165.

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30. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, Paris, September 6, 1789 in Jefferson, Thomas, Writings (New York: Library of America, 1984), 959.Google Scholar

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36. To be sure, there were significant differences between the historical imaginations of Lieber and Burke. I investigate precisely these differences in Parker, “A New Time for Law.”

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