Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-5lx2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-01T07:19:00.442Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Law and Imperialism: Egypt in Comparative Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Abstract

Despite the great varieties of imperial relationships, most scholarship has focused on law as an instrument of imperial domination. This article invites greater attention to the motives and actions of the subject population. In the Middle East, the pattern of legal change suggests that imperial control affected the outcome of elite efforts but did not supplant them. In Egypt, legal reform was largely the fruit of efforts undertaken by a centralizing elite that sought to circumscribe foreign influence even when it collaborated with it. This elite used law to preempt imperial penetration and strengthen the administrative capacity of the Egyptian state. The Egyptian population subject to the new legal system shaped its development still further.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 by The Law and Society Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I thank Judith Kohn Brown, Dina Khoury, the editors, and the anonymous reviewers for helpful advice. This research was supported with grants from The George Washington University Facilitating Fund and the United States Institute of Peace. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of GWU or the USIP.

References

Arjomand, Said Amir (1989) “Constitution-Making in Islamic Iran: The Impact of Theocracy on the Legal Order of a Nation-State,” in Starr & Collier 1989.Google Scholar
'Atiya Bey, Muhammad Labib (1938) “Tatawwur qanun al-'uqubat fi misr min ‘ahd insha’ al-mahakim al-ahliyya” (The Development of the Criminal Code in Egypt since the Establishment of the National Courts), in [National Courts of Egypt] 1937/38.Google Scholar
Beer, Lawrence W. (1982) “Constitutional Revolution in Japanese Law, Society and Politics.” Occasional Papers/Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, No. 5, School of Law, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore.Google Scholar
al-Bishri, Tariq (1986) “Mi'a ‘amman ‘ala al-qada’ al-misri” (One Hundred Years of the Egyptian Judiciary), Al-Quda, nos. 5/6, p. 28.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan J. (1990) “Brigands and State Building: The Invention of Banditry in Modern Egypt,” 32 Comparative Studies in Society & History 258.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan J. (1993) “The Precarious Life and Slow Death of the Mixed Courts of Egypt,” 25 International J. of Middle East Studies 1.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan J. (1991) “The Ignorance and Inscrutability of the Egyptian Peasantry,” Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East, ed. Kazemi, F. & Waterbury, J.. Miami: Florida International Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Burman, Sandra B., & Harrell-Bond, Barbara E., eds. (1979), The Imposition of Law. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cannon, Byron (1988) Politics of Law and the Courts in Nineteenth Century Egypt. Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Chanock, Martin (1982) “Making Customary Law: Men, Women, and Courts in Colonial Northern Rhodesia,” in Hay & Wright 1982.Google Scholar
Chanock, Martin (1989) “Writing South African Legal History: A Prospectus,” 30 J. of African History 265.Google Scholar
Christelow, Allan (1985), Muslim Law Courts and the French Colonial State in Algeria. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, Bernard S. (1989) “Law and the Colonial State in India,” in Starr & Collier 1989.Google Scholar
Cole, Juan R. I. (1993) Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt's 'Urabi Movement Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick (1987) “Contracts, Crime, and Agrarian Conflict: From Slave to Wage Labour on the East African Coast,” in Snyder & Hay 1987b.Google Scholar
Earl of Cromer (1908) Modern Egypt. 2 Vols. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Daisy Hilse (1990a) “Law and Islam in the Middle East: An Introduction,” in Dwyer 1990b.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwyer, Daisy Hilse, ed. (1990b) Law and Islam in the Middle East. New York: Bergin & Garvey.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enayat, Hamid (1982) Modern Islamic Political Thought. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, David M. (1978) Code and Custom in a Thai Provincial Court. Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, for the Association for Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Fischer, Michael M.J. (1990) “Legal Postulates in Flux: Justice, Wit, and Hierarchy in Iran,” in Dwyer 1990b.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Peter (1987) “Transformations of Law and Labour in Papua New Guinea,” in Snyder & Hay 1987b.Google Scholar
Furnivall, J. S. (1948) Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Ghai, Yash (1986) “The Rule of Law, Legitimacy and Governance,” 14 International J. of the Sociology of Law 179.Google Scholar
Hanafi Bey, Mustafa (1938) “Kayfa ihtafala al-qada' al-ahli bi-'idihi al-khamsini” (How the National Judiciary Celebrated Its Fiftieth Anniversary), in [National Courts of Egypt] 1937/38.Google Scholar
Hay, Margaret Jean, & Wright, Marcia, eds. (1982) African Women and the Law. Boston University Papers on Africa, VII.Google Scholar
Hill, Enid (1987) “Al-Sanhuri and Islamic Law: The Place and Significance of Islamic Law in the Life and Work of 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanhuri, Egyptian Jurist and Scholar, 1895–1971,” Cairo Papers in Social Science 10. Cairo: American Univ. in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Enid (1979) Mahkama! Studies in the Egyptian Legal System, London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
Inalcik, Halil (1964) “The Nature of Traditional Society: Turkey” in Ward & Rustow 1964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahil Bey, Gibra'il (1938) “Al-qada' qadiman wa-hadithan li-qadin hadara al-'ahdayn” (The Judiciary Old and New by a Judge Present in Both Eras), in [National Courts of Egypt] 1937/38.Google Scholar
al-Khawli, Lutfi (1952) Ta'allam huquqak: hadhihi hiya al-ahkam al-'urfiyya“ (Learn Your Rights: This Is Martial Law), Ruz al-Yusuf, Cairo, 7 July.Google Scholar
al-Khawli, Lutfi (1953) “Ta'allam huquqak: al-ahkam al-'urfiyya” (Learn Your Rights: Martial Law), Ruz al-Yusuf, Cairo, 25 May.Google Scholar
Kidder, Robert L. (1978), “Western Law in India: External Law and Local Response,” in Johnson, H. M., ed., Social System and Legal Process. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Low, Sidney (1914) Egypt in Transition. New York: MacMillan Co.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
al-Masadi, Muhammad Jamal al-Din (1969) “Dirasa 'an dinshway,” Al-jumhuriyya, Cairo, 19–27 June.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle (1988) “Legal Pluralism,” 22 Law and Society Rev. 869.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle (1991) “Law and Colonialism,” 25 Law & Society Rev. 889.Google Scholar
Messick, Brinkley (1993) The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, Ingo (1991) Hitler's Justice: The Courts of the Third Reich, trans. Schneider, D. L.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
[National Courts of Egypt] (1937/38) Al-kitab al-dhahabi li-l-mahakim al-ahliyya. Vol. 2. Bulaq, Egypt: Al-matba'a al-amiriyya.Google Scholar
Pospisil, Leopold (1979) “Legally Induced Culture Change in New Guinea,” in Burman & Harrell-Bond 1979.Google Scholar
Powers, David S. (1989) “Orientalism, Colonialism, and Legal History: The Attack on Muslim Family Endowments in Algeria and India,” 31 Comparative Studies in Society & History 535.Google Scholar
Reid, Donald M. (1981) Lawyers and Politics in the Arab World, 1880-1960. Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard, & Mann, Kristin (1991) “Law in Colonial Africa,” in Mann, K. & Roberts, R., eds., Law in Colonial Africa. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Lloyd I., & Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber (1967) The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Salacuse, Jeswald W. (1986) “Foreign Investment and Legislative Exemptions in Egypt: Needed Stimulus or New Capitulations,” in Michalak, L. O. & Salacuse, J. W., eds., Social Legislation in the Contemporary Middle East. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, Univ. of California.Google Scholar
Salim, Latifa Muhammad (1984) Al-nizam al-qada'i al-misri al-hadith, 1875–1914 (The Modern Egyptian Judicial System, 1875–1914). Cairo: Markaz al-Dirasat al-Siyasiyah wa-al-Istiratijiyya bi-al-Ahram.Google Scholar
al-Sanhuri, Dr. ‘Abd al-Razaq (1938) “‘Ala ay asas yakun tanqih al-qanun al-madani al-misri?” (On What Basis Will the Egyptian Civil Code be Improved?), in [National Courts of Egypt] 1937/38.Google Scholar
al-Sanhuri, Dr. ‘Abd al-Razaq (1937) “Wajibna al-qanuni ba'd al-mu'ahada” (Our Legal Duty after the Treaty), Al-Ahram, Cairo, 1 Jan.Google Scholar
Scalapino, Robert A. (1964) “Environmental and Foreign Contributions: Japan,” in Ward & Rustow 1964.Google Scholar
Schmidhauser, John R. (1989) “Power, Legal Imperialism, and Dependency,” 23 Law & Society Rev. 857.Google Scholar
Snyder, Francis, & Hay, Douglas (1987a) “Comparisons in the Social History of Law: Labour and Crime,” in Snyder & Hay 1987b.Google Scholar
Hay, Douglas, eds. (1987b) Labour, Law, and Crime. London: Tavistock Publications, 1987.Google Scholar
Starr, June (1992) Law as Metaphor: From Islamic Courts to the Palace of Justice. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.Google Scholar
Starr, June, & Collier, Jane, eds. (1989) History and Power in the Study of Law. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.Google Scholar
'Uraybi, Zaki (1938) “Lughat al-ahkam wa-1-murafa'at” (The Language of Judgments and Legal Pleas), in [National Courts of Egypt] 1937/38.Google Scholar
Vincent, Joan (1989) “Contours of Change: Agrarian Law in Colonial Uganda, 1895–1962,” in Starr & Collier 1989.Google Scholar
Ward, Robert E., & Rustow, Dankwart A., eds. (1964) Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, Julia (1982) “Passes and Bypasses: Freedom of Movement for African Women under the Urban Areas Acts of South Africa,” in Hay & Wright 1982.Google Scholar
Ziadeh, Farhat J. (1968) Lawyers, the Rule of Law, and Liberalism in Modem Egypt. Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, & Peace, Stanford Univ.Google Scholar