Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m42fx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T00:24:58.988Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Lawyer Satisfaction in the Process of Structuring Legal Careers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Abstract

This article proposes a new approach to the study of job satisfaction in the legal profession. Drawing on a Bourdieusian understanding of the relationship between social class and dispositions, we argue that job satisfaction depends in part on social origins and the credentials related to these origins, with social hierarchies helping to define the expectations and possibilities that produce professional careers. Through this lens, job satisfaction is understood as a mechanism through which social and professional hierarchies are produced and reproduced. Relying on the first national data set on lawyer careers (including both survey data and in-depth interviews), we find that lawyers' social background, as reflected in the ranking of their law school, decreases career satisfaction and increases the odds of a job search for the most successful new lawyers. When combined with the interview data, we find that social class is an important component of a stratification system that tends to lead individuals into hierarchically arranged positions.

Type
A Serendipitous Symposium: Two Issues Confronting the Legal Profession
Copyright
© 2007 Law and Society Association.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Authors are listed alphabetically. This research was supported by grants from the American Bar Foundation, National Science Foundation (Grant No. SES0115521), Access Group, Law School Admission Council, National Association for Law Placement, National Conference of Bar Examiners, and Open Society Institute. The views and conclusions stated herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of individuals or organizations associated with the After the JD study.

References

Abel, Richard L. (1989) American Lawyers. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Adams, Edward A. (1994) “Legal Career Exacts Steep Personal Price,” New York Law Journal, 7 Feb., p. 1Google Scholar
Allison, Paul (2002) Missing Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Bar Association (2005) “Section on Legal Education, First Year Enrollment in ABA Approved Law Schools 1947–2004 (Percentage of Women),” http://www.abanet.org/legaled/statistics/femstats.html (accessed 24 April 2005).Google Scholar
American Bar Association Young Lawyers Division (2000) “ABA Young Lawyers Division Survey: Career Satisfaction,” Chicago, IL, http://www.abanet.org/yld/satisfaction_800.doc (accessed 24 April 2005).Google Scholar
Auerbach, Jerold S. (1976) Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Boon, Andrew, et al. (2001) “Career Paths and Choices in a Highly Differentiated Profession: The Position of Newly Qualified Solicitors,” 64 Modern Law Rev. 563–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre (1987) “The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field,” 38 Hastings Law J. 805–53.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre (1993) The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre (1996) The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre (1998) Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig (2003) “Pierre Bourdieu,” in Ritzer, G., ed., The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Carson, Clara (2004) The Lawyer Statistical Report: The U.S. Legal Profession in 2000. Chicago: American Bar Foundation.Google Scholar
Chambers, David L. (1989) “Accommodation and Satisfaction: Women and Men Lawyers and the Balance of Work and Family,” 14 Law and Social Inquiry 251–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambliss, Elizabeth (2000) Miles to Go 2000: Progress of Minorities in the Legal Profession. Chicago: American Bar Association, Commission on Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Profession.Google Scholar
Dau-Schmidt, Kenneth G., & Mukhopadhaya, Kaushik (1999) “The Fruits of Our Labors: An Empirical Study of the Distribution of Income and Job Satisfaction Across the Legal Profession,” 49 J. of Legal Education 342–66.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, & Garth, Bryant G. (2002) The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinovitzer, Ronit, et al. (2004) “After the JD: First Results of a National Study of Legal Careers. American Bar Foundation and NALP,” http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/afterjd.html (accessed 13 July 2006).Google Scholar
Dolan, Maura (1995) “Miserable with the Legal Life,” Los Angeles Times, 27 June, p. A1Google Scholar
Eviatar, Daphne (2000) “Out of court Evidence shows lawyers are leaving the legal profession. Unfulfilled, tired of conflict, many seek a new simplicity,” Christian Science Monitor, 17 April, p. 11Google Scholar
Firebaugh, Glenn, & Harley, Brian (1995) “Trends in Job Satisfaction in the United States by Race, Gender, and Type of Occupation,” 5 Research in the Sociology of Work 87104.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc, & Palay, Thomas (1991) Tournament of Lawyers: The Transformation of the Big Law Firm. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ganzeboom, Harry B. G., & Treiman, Donald J. (1996) “Internationally Comparable Measures of Occupational Status for the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupations,” 25 Social Science Research 201–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellis, Ann J. (1991) “Great Expectations: Women in the Legal Profession, A Commentary on State Studies,” 66 Indiana Law J. 941–76.Google Scholar
Glendon, Mary Ann (1994) A Nation Under Lawyers: How the Crisis in the Legal Profession Is Transforming American Society. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.Google Scholar
Granfield, Robert (1992) Making Elite Lawyers: Visions of Law at Harvard and Beyond. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hadfield, Gillian (2000) “The Price of Law: How the Market for Lawyers Distorts the Justice System,” 98 Michigan Law Rev. 9531006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagan, John, & Kay, Fiona (1995) Gender in Practice: A Study of Lawyers' Lives. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hagan, John, et al. (1988) “Class Structure and Legal Practice: Inequality and Mobility among Toronto Lawyers,” 22 Law & Society Rev. 955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halaby, Charles N. (2003) “Where Job Values Come From: Family and Schooling Background, Cognitive Ability, and Gender,” 68 American Sociological Rev. 251–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinz, John P., & Laumann, Edward O. (1982) Chicago Lawyers: The Social Structure of the Bar. Chicago: American Bar Foundation.Google Scholar
Heinz, John P., et al. (2005) Urban Lawyers: The New Social Structure of the Bar. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Henderson, William D. (2006) “An Empirical Study of Single–Tier versus Two–Tier Partnerships in the Am Law 200,” 84 North Carolina Law Rev. 16911750.Google Scholar
Hirsch, Ronald L. (1985) “Are You on Target?,” 12 Barrister 1720.Google Scholar
Hull, Kathleen E. (1999) “The Paradox of the Contented Female Lawyer,” 33 Law & Society Rev. 687702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Jerry A., et al. (1991) “The Dynamics of Young Men's Career Aspirations,” 6 Sociological Forum 609–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Monica Kirkpatrick (2001) “Change in Job Values during the Transition to Adulthood,” 28 Work and Occupations 315–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Monica Kirkpatrick (2002) “Social Origins, Adolescent Experiences, and Work Value Trajectories during the Transition to Adulthood,” 80 Social Forces 1307–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalleberg, Arne L. (1977) “Work Values and Job Rewards: A Theory of Job Satisfaction,” 42 American Sociological Rev. 124–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, Fiona M. (1997) “Flight from Law: A Competing Risks Model of Departures from Law Firms,” 31 Law & Society Rev. 301–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, Fiona M., & Hagan, John (2003) “Building Trust: Social Capital, Distributive Justice, and Loyalty to the Firm,” 28 Law & Social Inquiry 483519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kronman, Anthony T. (1993) The Lost Lawyer: Failing Ideals of the Legal Profession. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Lamont, Michelle (2000) The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, and New York: Russell Sage Foundation.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lempert, Richard O., et al. (2000) “Michigan's Minority Graduates in Practice: The River Runs through Law School,” 25 Law and Social Inquiry 395505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, Roderick J. A., & Rubin, Donald B. (1987) Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Long, John S. (1997) Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
McClelland, Katherine E. (1990) “The Social Management of Ambition,” 31 Sociological Q. 225–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonough, Molly (2005) “The Profession, Demanding Diversity: Corporate Pressure Is Changing the Racial Mix at Some Law Firms,” 91 ABA J. 52.Google Scholar
McGill, Christa (2003) “The Role of Educational Debt in Law Student Career Choices,” American Bar Foundation Working Paper No. 2208. Chicago: American Bar Foundation.Google Scholar
Mertz, Elizabeth (forthcoming) The Language of Law School: Learning to “Think” Like a Lawyer. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mobley, G. Melton, et al. (1994) “Mentoring, Job Satisfaction, Gender, and the Legal Profession,” 31 Sex Roles 7998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muir, Kate (1995) “Counsel for the Depressed and the Stressed,” Times (London), 13 July, p. 16.Google Scholar
NALP (2001) The Lateral Lawyer. Washington, DC: The NALP Foundation for Research and Education.Google Scholar
NALP (2003) Keeping the Keepers II. Washington, DC: The NALP Foundation for Research and Education.Google Scholar
NALP (2004) NALP Directory of Legal Employers. Washington, DC: The NALP Foundation for Research and Education.Google Scholar
Pedone, Kelly (2004) “Shifting Gears: Law Practice Doesn't Always Make for a Perfect Career,” Texas Lawyer, 23 Feb., p. 11Google Scholar
Ranalli, Ralph (2003) “Pleas of Frustration Lawyers Questioning, Abandoning Their Profession,” The Boston Globe, 18 Aug., p. A1Google Scholar
Reichman, Nancy, & Sterling, Joyce (2004) “Sticky Floors, Broken Steps and Concrete Ceilings in Legal Careers,” 14 Texas J. of Women and Law 2776.Google Scholar
Rhode, Deborah L. (2000) In the Interests of Justice: Reforming the Legal Profession. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Sandefur, Rebecca L., & Heinz, John P. (1999) “The relationship between lawyer income and job satisfaction, Chicago, 1995.” Presented at the 1999 Law & Society Annual Meetings, Chicago.Google Scholar
Schafer, Joseph L. (1997) Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. New York: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiltz, Patrick J. (1999) “On Being a Happy, Healthy and Ethical Member of an Unhappy, Unhealthy, and Unethical Profession,” 52 Vanderbilt Law Rev. 871951.Google Scholar
Seron, Carroll (1996) The Business of Practicing Law. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Sommerlad, Hilary, & Sanderson, Peter (1998) Gender Choice and Commitment: Women Solicitors in England and Wales and the Struggle for Equal Status. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Stinchcombe, Arthur L. (2005) The Logic of Social Research. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stover, Robert V. (1989) Making It and Breaking It: The Fate of Public Interest Commitment During Law School. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Taber, Janet, et al. (1988) “Gender, Legal Education, and the Legal Profession: An Empirical Study of Stanford Law Students and Graduates,” 40 Stanford Law Rev 1209–97.Google Scholar
Tazian, Vahe (2005) “It's time for alternatives,” The National Law Journal, 5 Dec., P31Google Scholar
Tucker, Marilyn, et al. (1989) “Whatever Happened to the Class of 1983?,” 78 The Georgetown Law J. 153–95.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau (2002) 2000 Decennial Census of the United States, 5% Public Use Microdata Sample.Google Scholar
U.S. News & World Report (2003) “America's Best Graduate Schools: Schools of Law,” U.S. News & World Report, 14 April, pp. 2831Google Scholar
Uzzi, Brian, & Lancaster, Ryon (2004) “Embeddedness and Price Formation in the Corporate Law Market,” 69 American Sociological Rev. 319–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, Jean E. (1995) “Corporatist Control and Organizational Commitment among Professionals: The Case of Lawyers Working in Law Firms,” 73 Social Forces 811–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, David B. (1999) “Legal Ethics: Partners Without Power?,” 2 J. of the Institute for the Study of Legal Ethics 1548.Google Scholar
Wilkins, David B. (2004) “From ‘Separate Is Inherently Unequal’ to ‘Diversity Is Good for Business’: The Rise of Market–Based Diversity Arguments and the Fate of the Black Corporate Bar,” 117 Harvard Law Rev. 15481615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, David B., & Gulati, Mitu G. (1996) “Why Are There So Few Black Lawyers in Corporate Law Firms? An Institutional Analysis,” 84 California Law Rev. 493625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar