Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-jwnkl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-09T12:10:48.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Back to the Future: Promoting Peace through International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2017

Extract

The world as a whole has not been at peace since 1914, and it is definitely not at peace today. David J. Dunn argues that this state of affairs may be due, in no small part, to aspects of the conventional wisdom that informs practical foreign policy and diplomacy. For example, the ancient notion si vis pacem, para bellum [if you desire peace, prepare for war] (Vegetius) or the nineteenth century idea that argues ‘[w]e have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow’ (Lord Palmerston). These ‘insights’ neatly summarize the intellectual core of political realism; in particular, the ‘balance-of-power’ doctrine.

Type
REVIEW ESSAY
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation of the Leiden Journal of International Law 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 E. Hobsbawm, ‘War and Peace’, The Guardian, 23 February 2002.

2 Dunn, D.J., The First Fifty Years of Peace Research: A Survey and Interpretation (2005), 1 Google Scholar.

3 Dunn, supra note 2, at 1.

4 What separates the concepts of ‘International Politics’ and ‘International Relations’ is a matter of debate and is best described as unclear. In order to avoid confusion, the former concept is used systematically in this essay. See further Baaz, M., A Meta-theoretical Foundation for the Study of International Relations in a Global Era. A Social Constructivist Approach (2002)Google Scholar.

5 Porter, B., ‘David Davies and the Enforcement of Peace’, in Long, D. and Wilson, P. (eds.), Thinkers of the Twenty Years’ Crisis: Inter-war Idealism Reassessed (1995), 59 Google Scholar.

6 Department of International Politics: History, 2016, available at www.aber.ac.uk/en/interpol/about/ (accessed 31 March 2017).

7 Dunn, supra note 2, at 30; Dahl, R., ‘The Behavioral Approach in Political Science: Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest’, (1961) 55 The American Political Science Review 763–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 See further Baaz, M., ‘Harold D. Lasswell and the Social Study of Personal Insecurity’, in Cochran, M. and Navari, C. (eds.), Progressivism and US Foreign Policy (forthcoming)Google Scholar.

9 Dunn, supra note 2, at 31.

10 Baaz, supra note 4. Cf. the contributions in Long, D. and Schmidt, B.C. (eds.) Imperialism and Internationalism in the Discipline of International Relations (2005)Google Scholar, which, departing from the dual themes of imperialism and internationalism rather than the more commonly recognized couplet of realism and idealism, emphasizes that the beginnings of International Politics as an academic discipline have resonance with the recently picked-up discourse of empire and the global status and policies of the United States as the world's only hyperpower. Regarding the relation between International Law, empire and imperialism see, e.g., Baaz, M., ‘Hegemony, Power, and Jurisprudence: The Never-Ending Story of Legal Imperialism and Extraterritoriality’, (2013) 15 International Studies Review 292–4Google Scholar; Koskenniemi, M., Rech, W. and Fonseca, M.J., International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Dunn, supra note 2, at 31.

12 Lloyd, L., ‘Philip Noel-Baker and Peace Through Law’, in Long, D. and Wilson, P. (eds.), Thinkers of the Twenty Years’ Crisis: Inter-war Idealism Reassessed (1995), 25 Google Scholar.

13 P. Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (1958), quoted in 1995 in Lloyd, supra note 12, at 25.

14 Noel-Baker, Lloyd, supra note 12, at 50. Cf. Long and Wilson, supra note 12.

15 Noel-Baker, P., ‘The Permanent Court of International Justice’, in Temperley, H.V. (ed.), A History of the Peace Conference of Paris (1924)Google Scholar, quoted in 1995 in Lloyd, supra note 12, at 33, italics added.

16 See further Wrange, P., ‘Protecting Which Peace for Whom against What? A Conceptual Analysis of Collective Security’, in Bailliet, C.M. and Larsen, K. Mujezinović (eds.), Promoting Peace Through International Law (2015), 86 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Baaz, M., The Use of Force and International Society (2017), 120 Google Scholar.

18 Historian Mark Mazower, writing on the origins and early development of the UN, in the book, No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations (2008), even argues that its creators envisioned an international organization that ultimately would protect the interest of empire rather than promote ‘human security’.

19 Carr, E.H., The Twenty Years’ Crisis (1919–1939): An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (1939)Google Scholar; Morgenthau, H.F., Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (1948)Google Scholar.

20 Morgenthau, H.F., ‘Positivism, Functionalism, and International Law’, (1940) 34 American Journal of International Law 260–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 Dunn, supra note 2, at 2.

22 Ibid., at 3–4; see further Baaz, supra note 8; Bull, H., ‘The Case for a Classical Approach’, (1966) 18 World Politics 361–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lasswell, H.D., World Politics and Personal Insecurity (1935)Google Scholar; Lasswell, H.D. and McDougal, M.S., Jurisprudence for a Free Society: Studies in Law, Science and Policy (1992), Vol. 1Google Scholar; Kaplan, M.A., System and Processes in International Politics (1957)Google Scholar; Kaplan, M.A., ‘The New Great Debate: Traditionalism versus Science in International Relations’, in Knorr, K. and Rosenau, J. N. (eds.), Contending Approaches to International Politics (1969)Google Scholar.

23 C.M. Bailliet and K. Mujezinović Larsen, ‘Introduction: Promoting Peace through International Law’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 1.

24 Ibid., at 2.

25 Ibid.

26 See further Galtung, J., ‘An Editorial’, (1964) 1 Journal of Peace Research 14 Google Scholar; Galtung, J., ‘Violence, Peace, and Peace Research’, (1969) 6 Journal of Peace Research 167–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 3–8.

28 Ibid., at 8.

29 Ibid., at 18.

30 Ibid., at 11.

31 K. Lidén and H. Syse, ‘The Politics of Peace and Law: Realism, Internationalism and the Cosmopolitan Challenge’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen supra note 16, 21 at 23.

32 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 11; C.M. Bailliet, ‘Normative Foundation of the International Law of Peace’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 43, 62; Cf. Baaz, M., ‘International Law is Different in Different Places: Russian Interpretations and Outlooks, (2016) 14 International Journal of Constitutional Law 262–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 11; S. O'Connor and C. Bailliet, ‘The Good Faith Obligation to Maintain International Peace and Security and the Pacific Settlements of Disputes’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, 66 at 85.

34 Wrange, supra note 16, at 88, 107.

35 Ibid., at 108.

36 See further Baaz supra note 17; Baaz, M., ‘Beyond Order versus Justice Middle Ground Ethics and the Responsibility to Protect’, in Navari, C. (ed.), Ethical Reasoning in International Affairs (2013), 127 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 12.

38 O. Engdah, ‘Protection of Human Rights and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: Necessary Precondition or a Clash of Interests’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, 109 at 129.

39 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 13.

40 K. Skarstad, ‘Human Rights Violations and Conflict Risk: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, 133 at 147.

41 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 13; B.A. Andreassen, ‘Traps of Violence: A Human Rights Analysis of Relationships between Peace and Development’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 148, 167.

42 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 13–14.

43 Ibid., at 14.

44 Ibid.

45 G. Nystuen and K. Egeland, ‘The Potential of the Arms Trade Treaty to Reduce Violations of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, 209 at 223.

46 Ibid., at 223–4.

47 Ibid., at 224–5.

48 V. Blaker Strand, ‘Non-Discrimination and Equality as the Foundation of Peace’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, 229 at 232.

49 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 15.

50 M. Janmyr, ‘Refugees and Peace’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, 252 at 253, 272–3.

51 C. Weiss, ‘Barely Begun: The Inclusion of Women Peacemakers, Peacekeepers, and Peacebuilders in International Law and Practice’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 274.

52 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 15; Weiss, supra note 51, at 296.

53 K. Mujezinović Larsen, ‘United Nations Peace Operations an International law: What Kind of Law Promotes What Kind of Peace?’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 299.

54 Ibid., at 320.

55 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 16; J García-Godos, ‘It's About Trust: Transitional Justice and Accountability in the Search for Peace’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, 321 at 323; Cf. Baaz, M., ‘Dissident Voices in International Criminal Law’, (2015a) 28 Leiden Journal of International Law 673–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Baaz, M., ‘Bringing the Khmer Rouge to Trial: An Extraordinary Experiment in International Criminal Law, (2015b) 61 Scandinavian Studies in Law 292338 Google Scholar; Baaz, M., ‘The “Dark Side” of International Law. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia’, (2015c) 60 Scandinavian Studies in Law 157–86Google Scholar.

56 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 16.

57 Ibid., at 17.

58 C. Hellestveit, ‘International Fact-Finding Mechanisms: Lighting Candles or Cursing Darkness?’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, 368 at 394.

59 Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, at 17.

60 Ibid., at 17; M.D. Sommardahl, ‘Education for Peace: Epilogue’, in Bailliet and Mujezinović Larsen, supra note 16, 416 at 416–17.

61 Ibid., at 429.

62 See, e.g., Armstrong, D., Farrell, T. and Lambert, H., International Law and International Relations (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Byers, M., The Role of Law in International Politics (2000)Google Scholar; Cali, B. (ed.), International Law for International Relations (2009)Google Scholar; Reus-Smit, C., Politics of International Law (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

63 Cali, supra note 62, at 7.

64 See, e.g., Baaz, supra note 4; Baylis, J., Smith, S. and Owens, P., The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (2013)Google Scholar.

65 M. Baaz, Law and Politics in International Society (forthcoming).

66 Bull, supra note 22, at 361.

67 Jackson, R.H. and Sørensen, G., Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches (2007), 130 Google Scholar.

68 Bull, H. and Watson, A. (eds.), The Expansion of International Society (1984), 1 Google Scholar; Bull, H., The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (2012), 71 CrossRefGoogle Scholar (italics added). The concept of international society has also been fundamental to international law since at least the nineteenth century; Buzan, B., An Introduction to the English School of International Relations (2014), 5 Google Scholar.

69 Jørgensen, K.E., International Relations Theory: A New Introduction (2010), 102 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Baaz supra note 17, at 35–42.

70 See, e.g., Jørgensen, supra note 69, at 102–25.

71 Foot, R., ‘Introduction’, in Foot, R., Gaddis, J.L. and Hurrell, A. (eds.) Order and Justice in International Relations (2003), at 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; A. Hurrell, ‘Order and Justice in International Relations: What is at Stake?’, ibid., 24 at 31. See also Baaz, M. and Lilja, M., ‘Understanding Hybrid Democracy in Cambodia: The Nexus Between Liberal Democracy, the State, Civil Society and a “Politics of Presence”’, (2013) 6 Asian Politics and Policy 524 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Baaz, 2015a, 2015b, 2015c, supra note 55.

72 Cf. Clark, I., Legitimacy in International Society (2005), 26–9Google Scholar.

73 Bull, H., ‘Natural Law and International Relations’, (1979) 5 British Journal of International Studies 171, at 181CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

74 Nardin, T., ‘Legal Positivism as a Theory of International Society’, in Mapel, D.R. and Nardin, T., International Society: Diverse Ethical Perspectives (1998), 17 at 20Google Scholar.

75 Vincent, R.J., ‘Order in International Politics’, in Miller, J.D.B. and Vincent, R.J. (eds.), Order and Violence: Hedley Bull and International Relations (1990), 55 Google Scholar.

76 Dunne, T., Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (1998), 121–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

77 See Skocpol, T., ‘Wallersteins World Capitalist System Perspective: A Theoretical and Historical Critique’, (1977) 82 American Journal of Sociology 1075–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

78 See Baaz, supra note 36.

79 Koskenniemi, M., ‘What is International Law for?’, in Evans, M. (ed.), International Law (2010), 32 CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 38–9, 52–3. See further Baaz, supra note 65.