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17 Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, Art.19(2).

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28 General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV), the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1960); see Shaw, supra note 21, at 251–2.

29 See International Court of Justice, Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, 22 July 2010, para. 82; cf. Reference re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR 217.

30 See section 5infra.

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36 Ibid., para. 21.

37 See General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 21 November 1995.

38 See Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, supra note 17, Article 143.

39 Main Provisions of the Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement, Report of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on Kosovo's Future Status, 26 March 2007, UN Doc. S/2007/168, Ann., at 5.

40 Other cross-cutting dilemmas will be considered in section 4, infra.

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49 Ludsin, supra note 24, at 255.

50 Iraq Index, Brookings Institution, 26 September 2005, quoted in Morrow, J., ‘Deconstituting Mesopotamia: Cutting a Deal on the Regionalization of Iraq’, in Miller, L. E. (ed.), Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making (2010)Google Scholar, at 589.

51 Ibid., at 588. For further analysis of the Iraqi case study see section 5infra.

52 O'Brien, supra note 47, at 347.

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56 Feldman, supra note 53, at 859 (italics added).

57 Dann and Al-Ali, supra note 2, at 427.

58 Guidance Note of the Secretary-General, ‘United Nations Assistance to Constitution-Making Processes’ (April 2009), at 4.

59 See McConnachie and Morison, supra note 12, at 89; K. Samuels, ‘Constitution Building Processes and Democratization: A Discussion of Twelve Case Studies’, prepared for International IDEA (2007).

60 Guidance Note of the Secretary-General, supra note 58.

61 E. Milano, Unlawful Territorial Situations in International Law: Reconciling Effectiveness, Legality and Legitimacy (2006), at 202.

62 Dann and Al-Ali, supra note 2; Grewe and Riegner, supra note 53, at 11.

63 L. E. Miller, ‘Designing Constitution-Making Processes: Lessons from the Past, Questions for the Future’, in Miller, supra note 50, at 602; Widner, J., ‘Constitution Writing in Post-Conflict Settings: An Overview’, (2008) 49 William and Mary Law Review 1513Google Scholar, at 1531–2; Ginsburg, T., Elkins, Z., and Blount, J., ‘Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?’, (2009) 5 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 201CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 215.

64 Ginsburg, Elkins, Blount, supra note 63, at 215–16.

65 Ibid.

66 Ibid.

67 Ignatieff, supra note 41, at 61.

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71 Feldman, supra note 53, at 872, 882.

72 Ibid.

73 Morrow, supra note 50, at 580.

74 Milano, supra note 61, at 196.

75 Ibid., at 574.

76 Dann and and Al-Ali, supra note 2, at 439.

77 Ibid. However, see the account from the US embassy's legal adviser and deputy legal adviser, which includes some Sunnis among attendees at the meetings. Deeks, A. S. and Burton, M. D., ‘Iraq's Constitution: A Drafting History’,(2007) 40 Cornell International Law Journal 1Google Scholar, at 4; International Crisis Group, ‘Unmaking Iraq: A Constitutional Process Gone Awry’, Middle East Briefing No. 19, 26 September 2005, available at www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Iraq/B019%20Unmaking%20Iraq%20A%20Constitutional%20Process%20Gone%20Awry.pdf (last visited 06 November 2013).

78 Wheatley, S., ‘The Security Council, Democratic Legitimacy and Regime Change in Iraq’, (2006) 17 European Journal of International Law 531CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 536.

79 International Crisis Group, ‘The Next Iraqi War? Sectarianism and Civil Conflict’, Middle East Report No. 52, 27 February 2006, at 13, available at www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iraq-iran-gulf/iraq/052-the-next-iraqi-war-sectarianism-and-civil-conflict.aspx (last visited 6 November 2013); R. Chandrasekaran, Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Baghdad's Green Zone (2007), at 331.

80 Tunheim, J., ‘Rule of Law and the Kosovo Constitution’, (2009) 18 Minnesota Journal of International Law 371Google Scholar, at 376.

81 Interview with Aucoin, Louis, ‘On Constitution-Writing: The Case of Kosovo’, (2008) 23 Praxis: The Fletcher Journal of Human Security 123Google Scholar, at 125.

82 Ibid., at 124; Marko, J., ‘The New Kosovo Constitution in a Regional Comparative Perspective’, (2008) 33 Review of Central and East European Law 437Google Scholar, at 442; Tunheim, supra note 80, at 377.

83 See Report of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on Kosovo's Future Status, supra note 39, at 2; Ahtisaari Plan, Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement, UN Doc. S/2007/168/Add.1. Ann. I–XII.

84 Interview with Louis Aucoin, supra note 81, at 125.

85 A. Lijphart, ‘Consociational Democracy’, (1969) 21 World Politics 207, at 213, 215.

86 Ibid., at 214.

87 A. Lijphart, ‘Constitutional Design for Divided Societies’, (2004) 15 Journal of Democracy 96, at 97.

88 Morrow, supra note 50, at 567.

89 Constitution of Iraq, Arts. 111, 115, 117, 119, 121, 141.

90 For an outline of different views see McGarry, J. and O'Leary, B., ‘Iraq's Constitution of 2005: Liberal Consociation as Political Prescription’, (2007) 5 International Journal of Constitutional Law 670CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 8.

91 Interview with Mr Jonathan Morrow, expert consultant in comparative constitutional law, Hills Stern LLP, 10 May 2012.

92 McGarry and O'Leary, supra note 90, at 683–4.

93 D. L. Horowitz, ‘The Sunni Moment’, Wall Street Journal, 14 December 2005, A20.

94 Interview with Mr Guillermo Martinez Erades, head of political section, European Union Delegation to Iraq, 10 November 2012.

95 McGarry and O'Leary, supra note 90, at 687, 692.

96 International Crisis Group, ‘Iraq's Secular Opposition: The Rise and Decline of Al-Iraqiya’, Middle East Report No. 127, 31 July 2012, at 2–4. Available at www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Iraq/127-iraqs-secular-opposition-the-rise-and-decline-of-al-iraqiya (last visited on 6 November 2013).

97 ‘Iraq Kurds Put Security Forces on High Alert’ AFP, 17 November 2012; M. Ibrahim, ‘New Iraq Army HQ Fuels Arab-Kurd Row’, AFP, 16 November 2012.

98 See Grewe and Riegner, supra note 53.

99 Ibid., at 10.

100 Art. 64(2), Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo. Available at http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/repository/docs/Constitution1Kosovo.pdf (last visted on 6 November 2013).

101 Ibid., Arts. 96, 103, 133.

102 Art. 65(2).

103 Art. 81.

104 Grewe and Riegner, supra note 53, at 36.

105 Ibid., at 15.

106 International Crisis Group, ‘Kosovo and Serbia: A Little Goodwill Could Go a Long Way’, Europe Report No. 215, 2 February 2012, at 1. Available at www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/balkans/kosovo/215%20Kosovo%20and%20Serbia%20-%20A%20Little%20Goodwill%20Could%20Go%20a%20Long%20Way.pdf (last visted on 6 November 2013).

107 Ibid., at 6.

108 M. Brajshori, ‘ICO Exit from Kosovo Is a Step towards Integration’,Southeast European Times, 15 June 2012.

109 UN Daily News Centre, ‘UN Mission Appeals for Calm and Restraint after Incident in Northern Kosovo’, UN Daily News Centre, 1 June 2012. Available at http://www.un.org/news/dh/pdf/english/2012/01062012.pdf (last visited on 6 November 2013).

110 Grewe and Riegner, supra note 53, at 28, 37.

111 See, for example, Chesterman, supra note 68, at 339; Cox, supra note 47, at 272; C. Stahn, ‘Justice under Transitional Administration: Contours and Critique of a Paradigm’, (2004) 27 Houston Journal of International Law 311, at 324; M. Cogen and E. De Brabandere, ‘Democratic Governance and Post-Conflict Reconstruction’, (2007) 20 LJIL 669, at 674.

112 Afsah, E. and Guhr, A. H., ‘Afghanistan: Building a State to Keep the Peace’, (2005) 9 Max Planck Yearbook of International Law 373Google Scholar, at 382.

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114 Art. 61(G) of the TAL: ‘If the National Assembly does not complete writing the draft permanent constitution by 15 August 2005 and does not request extension of the deadline in Article 61(D) above, the provisions of Article 61(E), above, shall be applied’. Under Article 61(E) the Assembly would be dissolved and new elections would be held on 15 December 2005.

115 Morrow, supra note 50, at 582.

116 Ibid.

117 O'Brien, supra note 47, at 345.

118 Morrow, supra note 50, at 584.

119 Ibid., at 585–6.

120 Interview with Ms Laila Al-Zwaini, Shari'a and Arab law expert, 20 June 2012.

121 Cox, supra note 47, at 272.

122 Interview with Ms Maria Fihl, European External Action Service Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, former special adviser to the International Civilian Representative/European Union Special Representative in Kosovo, 7 May 2012.

123 Ibid.

124 Interview with Mr Hupin, supra note 22.

125 Choudry, S., ‘After the Rights Revolution: Bills of Rights in the Post-Conflict State’, (2010) 6 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 301CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 303.

126 Ibid., at 311.

127 Feldman, supra note 53, at 872.

128 Ibid., at 873.

129 Al-Ali, N. and Pratt, N., ‘Women's Organizing and the Conflict in Iraq since 2003’, (2008) 88 Feminist Review 74CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 76.

130 See Arts. 14–46, Constitution of Iraq, supra note 89.

131 Ludsin, H., ‘Relational Rights Masquerading as Individual Rights’, (2008) 15 Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy 195Google Scholar, at 208; Feldman, supra note 53, at 871.

132 Arts. 2, 92, Constitution of Iraq, supra note 89.

133 Deeks and Burton, supra note 77, at 21.

134 Ludsin, supra note 131, at 213.

135 Mattar, M. Y., ‘Unresolved Questions in the Bill of Rights of the New Iraqi Constitution: How Will the Clash between “Human Rights” and “Islamic Law” be Reconciled in Future Legislative Enactments and Judicial Interpretation?’, (2006) 30 Fordham International Law Journal 126Google Scholar, at 157.

136 Act No. 15 of 2008, The Act to Amend the Amended Law No. 188 of 1959; Personal Status Law, in Iraq Kurdistan Region.

137 Interview with Mr Sermid D. Al-Sarraf, executive director, IIRL (International Institute for the Rule of Law), 27 October 2012.

138 Legal case against Speaker of the Iraqi Council of Representatives in which the claimant asks for non-legitimacy of the procedure adopted by the Council of Representatives on 28/4/2007 when it formed Council of the Higher Independent Electoral Commission (24 November 2008), Federal Supreme Court, 9/Federal/2008.

139 Interview with Ms Al-Zwaini, supra note 120, 11 July 2012.

140 Feldman, supra note 53, at 872.

141 E. Lantschner, ‘Protection of Minority Communities in Kosovo: Legally Ahead of European Standards – Practically Still a Long Way to Go’, (2008) 33 Review of Central and East European Law 141, at 488.

142 US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, ‘Kosovo’, in Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011.

143 Lantschner, supra note 141, at 488.

144 See International Crisis Group, supra note 106; US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, ‘Kosovo’, 2011.

145 McConnachie and Morison, supra note 12, at 84–7.