The campylidia hypothesis, first introduced by Müller Argoviensis (1881) and recently restored by Vězda (1983), for the erect helmet-shaped structures found on foliicolous lichens and usually known as ‘ Pyrenotrichum ’ is adopted as being the most satisfactory. In the Badimia pollilensis aggregate, campylidia are shown to derive from primordia identical to those of the apothecia. In the genus Sporopodium, algal cells are included in the conidiogenous layer and are dispersed together with conidia. This also seems to be the case in the genus Loflammia. Short descriptions are given for the most common campylidium known as ‘ Pyrenotrichum splitgerben ’ and for another not yet assignable to a peculiar genus. Loflammia denwulinii sp. nov. is described from New Guinea.