Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-vsgnj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-24T11:31:48.575Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: I. SUBGENERA OROSAGROTIS, LONGIVESICA, CHORIZAGROTIS, PLEONECTOPODA, AND CRASSIVESICA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

David F. Hardwick*
Affiliation:
Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa
Get access

Abstract

The large and complex genus Euxoa is divided into six subgenera: Orosagrotis, Longivesica, Euxoa, Chorizagrotis, Pleonectopoda, and Crassivesica. Orosagrotis and Chorizagrotis have until now been considered as valid noctuid genera by many workers. Longivesica and Crassivesica are here described as new. The taxonomy and distribution of North American species in all subgenera except the very extensive subgenus Euxoa are considered in the present paper. Only 49 species in a probable North American Euxoa fauna of some 200 species are included in the five subgenera reviewed here, however.Within the genus, species have been segregated into subgenera and species groups largely on the basis of the structure of the male genitalia, and particularly on the conformation of the vesica of the male. Keys to subgenera, species groups, and species are presented. No new species are described. Subspecies are not formally considered because an adequate analysis of the often complex geographic variation is beyond the scope of this paper.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1970

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aurivillius, C. 1890. Grönlands Insektfauna. I. Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera. Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 15(4): 133.Google Scholar
Bang-Haas, A. 1896. Lepidoptera groenlandica. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren. (1896): 178195.Google Scholar
Bang-Haas, A. 1910. Neue oder wenig bekannte palaearctischen Macrolepidopteren. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24: 2751.Google Scholar
Bang-Haas, O. 1922. Die Typen der Gattung Agrotis der Collection Staudinger und Collection Bang-Haas in Dresden-Blasewitz. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 36: 3139.Google Scholar
Barnes, W., and Benjamin, F. H.. 1924. Contributions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera of North America. Decatur, III. Vol. 5, No. 3.Google Scholar
Barnes, W., and Benjamin, F. H.. 1926a. Synonymic notes and new species of Lepidoptera. Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 14: 110.Google Scholar
Barnes, W., and Benjamin, F. H.. 1926b. Notes and new species. Can. Ent. 58: 303310.Google Scholar
Barnes, W., and Benjamin, F. H.. 1929. Lepidopterological contributions. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 24: 164186.Google Scholar
Barnes, W., and McDunnough, J. H.. 1912. Contributions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera of North America. Decatur, III. Vol. 1, No. 4.Google Scholar
Barnes, W., and McDunnough, J. H.. 1917. Check list of the Lepidoptera of boreal America. Decatur, III.Google Scholar
Barnes, W., and McDunnough, J. H.. 1918. Noctuid notes. Can. Ent. 50: 192195.Google Scholar
Benjamin, F. H. 1935. Notes and new species. Bull. Sth. Calif. Acad. Sci. 34 194210.Google Scholar
Beutenmüller, W. 1901. Descriptive catalogue of the Noctuidae found within fifty miles of New York City. Part 1. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 14: 229312.Google Scholar
Boursin, C. 1959. Eine neue Form von Euxoa (Chorizagrotis) drewseni Stgr. Z. wien. ent. Ges. 44: 169171.Google Scholar
Boursin, C. 1963. Die “Noctuinae” — Arten (Agrotinae vulgo sensu) aus Dr. h.c. H. Höhne's China Ausbeuten (Beitrag zur Fauna Sinica). ForschBer. Landes NRhein-Westf. 1170.Google Scholar
Butler, A. G. 1889. Synonymic notes on the moths of the earlier genera of Noctuites. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (1889): 375387.Google Scholar
Cook, W. C. 1930a. A new species of Euxoa and some notes on Chorizagrotis. Can. Ent. 62: 147150.Google Scholar
Cook, W. C. 1930b. An ecologically annoted list of the Phalaenidae of Montana (Lepid.). Can. Ent. 62: 257277.Google Scholar
Cooley, R. A. 1916. Observations on the life history of the army cutworm. J. agric. Res. 6: 871881.Google Scholar
Corti, A. 19311933. Palaearktischen Eulenartigen Nachtfalter: Agrotinae. In Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, ed. by Seitz, A., Suppl. to Vol. 3. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Crumb, S. E. 1929. Tobacco cutworms. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep Agric. 88.Google Scholar
Crumb, S. E. 1932. The more important climbing cutworms. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 27: 7398.Google Scholar
Dod, F. H. W. 1905. Preliminary list of the Macro-lepidoptera of Alberta, N.W.T. Can. Ent. 37: 49–60, 145156.Google Scholar
Dod, F. H. W. 1911. Further notes on Alberta Lepidoptera. Can. Ent. 43: 329–339, 393–399. Can. Ent. 47: 33–42.Google Scholar
Dod, F. H. W. 1915. Further notes on Alberta Lepidoptera, with description of a new species. Can. Ent. 47: 3342.Google Scholar
Dod, F. H. W. 1916a. Noctuid notes from western Canada, with description of two new species and a variety. Can. Ent. 48: 5870.Google Scholar
Dod, F. H. W. 1916b. The Heath collection of Lepidoptera. Can. Ent. 48: 161–167, 226–232, 375380.Google Scholar
Dod, F. H. W. 1918. Notes on Barnes & McDunnough's “Check list of Lepidoptera of Boreal America”. Can. Ent. 50: 816.Google Scholar
Dognin, P. 1916. Hétérocères nouveaux de l'Amérique du Sud. Rennes. Part II.Google Scholar
Draudt, M. 19191939. Amerikanischen Faunengebietes: Eulenartige Nachtfalter. In Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, ed. by Seitz, A., Vol. 7. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Dyar, H. G. 1899. Descriptions of the larvae of fifty North American Noctuidae. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 4: 315332.Google Scholar
Dyar, H. G. 1902. A list of North American Lepidoptera. Bull. U.S. natn. Mus. 52.Google Scholar
Dyar, H. G. 1903. [“a new noctuid moth on the sand dunes at Santa Monica, Calif.” in minutes of the meeting of Oct. 16, 1902.] Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 5: 137.Google Scholar
Dyar, H. G. 1904. The Lepidoptera of the Kootenai District of British Columbia. Proc. US. natn. Mus. 27: 779938.Google Scholar
Forbes, W. T. M. 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and neighbouring states. Part 3. Mem. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Stn 329.Google Scholar
French, G. H. 1895. Partial preparatory stages of some moths. Can. Ent. 27: 331332.Google Scholar
Gibson, A. 1915. Cutworms and their control. Ent. Bull. Can. Dep. Agric. 10.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1873a. A study of North American Noctuidae. Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 1: 95128.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1873b. Descriptions of Noctuidae principally from California. Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 1: 129155.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1874a. List of the Noctuidae of North America. Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2: 176.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1874b. Preliminary catalogue of the Noctuidae of California. Part II. Can. Ent. 6: 154–157, 214217.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1874c. New species of North American Noctuidae. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 26: 197214.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1875a. On the insect fauna of the White Mountains. Psyche, Camb. 1: 7677.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1875b. On the insect fauna of the White Mountains. Psyche, Camb. 1: 99100.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1875c. Check list of the Noctuidae of America, north of Mexico. Part 1. Buffalo.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1875d. On the genus Agrotis with additions to the “list of North American Noctuidae”. Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2: 301312.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1875e. On a new species of Anarta and on an allied genus, with a note on the genus Adita. Ann. Lyceum nat. Hist. N.Y. 11: 107109.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1875f. On a Canadian species of Agrotis. Can. Ent. 7: 172173.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1875g. On new species of Agrotis. Can. Ent. 7: 186188.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1875h. On North American Noctuae. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 27: 418427.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1876a. Nordamerikanische Noctuiden. Stettin. ent. Ztg 37: 134137.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1876b. Check list of the Noctuidae of America, north of Mexico. Part 2. Buffalo.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1877a. Notes on a collection of Canadian moths made by D'Urban, Wm. S. M., and named by Walker, F.. Can. Ent. 9: 2729.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1877b. Notes on a collection of noctuid moths made in Colorado in 1875 by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr. Bull. U.S. geol. Surv. 3: 115120.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1878. Descriptions of Noctuidae, chiefly from California. Bull. U.S. geol. Surv. 4: 169187.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1879. On Lithophane and new Noctuidae. Bull. U.S. geol. Surv. 5: 201208.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1881a. Preliminary list of the North American species of Agrotis, with descriptions. Bull. U.S. geol. Surv. 6: 149164.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1881b. Note on Agrotis repentis. Papilio 1: 126128.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1881c. North American moths, with a preliminary catalogue of the species of Hadena and Polia. Bull. U.S. geol. Surv. 6: 257277.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1881d. New Noctuidae, with list of the species of Perigrapha. Can. Ent. 13: 131134.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1882a. An illustrated essay on the Noctuidae of North America; with “A colony of butterflies”. John van Voorst, London.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1882b. New moths, with partial catalogue of Noctuae. Bull. U.S. geol. Surv. 6: 563578.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1883a. New species and notes on structure of moths and genera. Can. Ent. 15: 313.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1883b. On the moths collected by Prof. Snow in New Mexico. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 8: 4557.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1891. Remarks on Prof. John B. Smith's revision of the genus Agrotis. Can. Ent. 23: 4549.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1894. Notes on nocturnal Lepidoptera. Can. Ent. 26: 7986.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R. 1896. List of North American Eupterotidae, Ptilodontae, Thyatiridae, Apatelidae and Agrotidae. Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen 14: 44128.Google Scholar
Grote, A. R., and Robinson, C. T.. 1868. Descriptions of American Lepidoptera. Trans. Am. ent Soc 1: 323359.Google Scholar
Guenée, M. A. 1852. Histoire Naturelle des insectes. Species général des Lepidopteres. Noctuelites. Vol. 1. Paris.Google Scholar
Hampson, G. F. 1903. Catalogue of the Noctuidae in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 4. London.Google Scholar
Hardwick, D. F. 1965a. A new species belonging to the divergens group of the genus Euxoa Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can. Ent. 97: 822826.Google Scholar
Hardwick, D. F. 1965b. A synopsis of the ridingsiana group of the genus Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with a description of a new species. Can. Ent. 97: 12211226.Google Scholar
Hardwick, D. F. 1965c. The corn earworm complex. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 40.Google Scholar
Hardwick, D. F. 1966. A synopsis of the westermanni group of the genus Euxoa Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with descriptions of two new species. Can. Ent. 98: 760768.Google Scholar
Hardwick, D. F. 1968a. Three new Californian species of Euxoa(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) belonging to the westermanni group. Can. Ent. 100: 268274.Google Scholar
Hardwick, D. F. 1968b. Nomenclatorial notes on Agrotis obesula Smith and Agrotiphila Grote (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can. Ent. 100: 891893.Google Scholar
Harris, T. W. 1841. A report on the insects of Massachusetts, injurious to vegetation. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Harris, T. W. 1862. A treatise on some of the insects injurious to vegetation. Boston.Google Scholar
Harvey, L. F. 1875a. Observations on North American moths. Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2: 270284.Google Scholar
Harris, T. W. 1875b. On Texan Lepidoptera collected by Mr. Belfrage. Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 316.Google Scholar
Harris, T. W. 1875c. An illustration of North American Agrotis and Oncocnemis. Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 7274.Google Scholar
Hemming, F. 1937. Hübner. Vol. 2. Royal ent. Soc. London.Google Scholar
Holland, W. J. 1913. The moth book. Doubleday, Page and Co., New York.Google Scholar
Hübner, J. 1816–[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge. Augsburg.Google Scholar
Hudson, H. F., and Wood, A. A.. 1930. The life-history of the white cutworm, Euxoa scandens Riley. Rep. ent. Soc. Ont. (1929): 6770.Google Scholar
Kozhantschikov, I. 1929. Zur kenntniss der Agrotiden (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). 1. Ubersicht der Gattung Euxoa Hb. Ezheg. zool. Muz. 30: 141216.Google Scholar
Kozhantschikov, I. 1933. Randbemerkungen zur Bearbeitung der Gattung Euxoa von Herrn Dr. A. Corti. Mitt. münch. ent. Ges. 23: 130132.Google Scholar
Kozhantschikov, I. 1937. Faune d l'URSS. Insectes, Lepidopteres. 13(3): 1673. Institut Zoologique de l'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS.Google Scholar
de Lesse, H. 1951. Expéditions polaires francaises (Missions Paul-Emile Victor). Zoologie— 4e note Macrolepidoptera. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 118: 5177.Google Scholar
Lintner, J. A. 1878. Entomological contributions. From Rep. N.Y. St. Mus. nat. Hist. (1876).Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1922. Notes on the Lepidoptera of Alberta. Can. Ent. 54: 134141.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1925. Euxoa ridingsiana and its allies (Lepidoptera). Can. Ent. 57: 242244.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1927a. Notes on certain agrotid genera and species. Can. Ent. 59: 6466.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1927b. The Lepidoptera of the Seton Lake region, British Columbia. Can. Ent. 59: 193200.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1928. A generic revision of North American Agrotid moths. Bull. natn. Mus. Can. 55: 178.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1930. The Lepidoptera of the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Can. Ent. 62: 107117.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1932a. Notes on Agrotid genera with descriptions of new species (Lepid.). Can. Ent. 64: 104112.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1932b. Notes on the synonymy of certain Euxoa species with descriptions of new species. Can. Ent. 64: 229236.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1938. Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part 1: 1275. Mem. Sth. Calif. Acad. Sci. Vol. 1.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1946. New North American Phalaenidae with notes (Lepidoptera). Can. Ent. 78: 2835.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1947. The Agrotid genus Agrotiphila Grt. and its genotype (Lepidoptera). Can. Ent. 79: 3839.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1949. Notes on Phalaenidae. Am. Mus. Novit. 1394.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1950a. Two unrecorded homonyms in the genus Euxoa. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 45: 84.Google Scholar
McDunnough, J. 1950b. Species of Euxoa of eastern North America, with particular reference to genitalic characters (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae). Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 95: 359408.Google Scholar
Moeschler, H. B. 1860. Beiträge zur Schmetterlings-fauna von Labrador. Wien. ent. Mschr. 4: 329381.Google Scholar
Moeschler, H. B. 1883. Beiträge zur Schmetterlings-fauna von Labrador. Stettin. ent. Ztg 44: 114124.Google Scholar
Morrison, H. K. 1874. Descriptions of new Noctuidae. Proc. Bost. Soc. nat. Hist. 17: 131166.Google Scholar
Morrison, H. K. 1875a. Notes on White Mountain Noctuidae. Psyche, Camb. 1: 41–3.Google Scholar
Morrison, H. K. 1875b. On the insect fauna of the White Mountains. Psyche, Camb. 1: 85.Google Scholar
Morrison, H. K. 1875c. Notes on North American Lepidoptera. Ann. Lyceum nat. Hist. N.Y. 11: 91104.Google Scholar
Morrison, H. K. 1875d. Notes on the Noctuidae, with descriptions of certain new species. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. (1875): 55–71; 428436.Google Scholar
Morrison, H. K. 1876. Descriptions of new North American Noctuidae. Proc. Bost. Soc. nat. Hist. 18: 237241.Google Scholar
Packard, A. S. 1867. View of the Lepidopterous fauna of Labrador. Proc. Bost. Soc. nat. Hist. 11: 3263.Google Scholar
Pruess, K. P. 1967. Migration of the army cutworm, Chorizagrotis auxiliaris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). 1. Evidence for a migration. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 60: 910920.Google Scholar
Riley, C. V. 1867. A chapter on cutworms. Prairie Farmer 35: 413414.Google Scholar
Riley, C. V. 1869. First annual report on the noxious, beneficial and other insects, of the state of Missouri. Jefferson City, Mo.Google Scholar
Riley, C. V. 1881. General index and supplement to the nine reports on the insects of Missouri. Bull. U.S. ent. Commission 6.Google Scholar
Riley, C. V. 1882. The Noctuidae in the Missouri entomological reports. Papilio 2: 41–4.Google Scholar
Riley, C. V. 1885a. Report of the entomologist. Rep. U.S. Dep. Agric. (1884), pp. 285418.Google Scholar
Riley, C. V. 1885b. Notes on the principal injurious insects of the year. Entomologica am. 1: 176178.Google Scholar
Riley, C. V. 1886. Report of the entomologist. Rep. U.S. Dep. Agric. (1885), pp. 207343.Google Scholar
Rindge, F. H. 1955. The type material in the J. B. Smith and G. D. Hulst collections of Lepidoptera in the American Museum of Natural History. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 106: 95172.Google Scholar
Schaus, W. 1898. New species of Heterocera from tropical America. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 6: 138149.Google Scholar
Slingerland, M. V. 1895. Climbing cutworms. Bull. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Stn 104: 553600.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1885a. Noctuids common to Europe and North America. Entomologica am. 1: 1315.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1885b. Ueber europäische und amerikanische Verwantschaften. Stettin. ent. Ztg 46: 221226.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1888. New genera and species of North American Noctuidae. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 10: 450479.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1890a. Descriptions of some new species of Agrotis Auct. Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 17: 4154.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1890b. Contribution toward a monograph of the insects of the lepidoptera family Noctuidae of temperate North America. — Revision of the species of the genus Agrotis. Bull. U.S. natn. Mus. 38: 1237.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1891a. Notes on some species of Noctuidae described by Francis Walker. Can. Ent. 23: 117121.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1891b. Contributions toward a monograph of the Noctuidae of temperate North America. Revision of the species of Mamestra. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 14: 197276.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1891c. Notes on some Noctuidae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 18: 103135.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1893a. New species of Noctuidae. Ent. News 4: 98102.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1893b. Catalogue of the lepidopterous superfamily Noctuidae found in boreal America. Bull. U.S. natn. Mus. 44: 1424.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1894. Descriptions of new genera and species of Noctuidae. Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 21: 3988.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1898. Notes on species of Noctua with descriptions of new forms. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 6: 98106.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1900. A hundred new moths of the family Noctuidae. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 22: 413495.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1903a. New noctuids for 1903. No. 3—with notes on some described species. Can. Ent. 35: 127138.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1903b. New noctuids for 1903, no. 4, with notes on certain described species. Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 29: 191224.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1903c. New noctuids for 1903. No. 5. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 11: 188193.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1904a. Remarks on the catalogue of the Noctuidae in the collection of the British Museum. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 12: 93104.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1904b. New Noctuidae for 1904. — I. Can. Ent. 36: 149154.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1905a. New species of Noctuidae for 1905. — No. 2. Can. Ent. 37: 201204.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1905b. New species of Noctuidae for 1905, No. 3. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 13: 188211.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1906. New species of Noctuidae for 1906. No. 2. Can. Ent. 38: 225238.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1907a. New species of Noctuidae for 1907. No. 1. Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 33: 125143.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1907b. Notes on some American Noctuids in the British Museum. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 15: 141162.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1908a. New species of Noctuidae for 1908. I. With notes on Charadra, Raphia and Pseudanarta. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 16: 7998.Google Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1908b. New species and genera of the lepidopterous family Noctuidae for 1907. Part 2. Annls N.Y. Acad. Sci. 18: 91127.Google Scholar
Staudinger, O. 1857. Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Fauna Grönland's. Stettin. ent. Ztg 18: 299308.Google Scholar
Staudinger, O. 1881. Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Fauna Central-Asiens. Stettin. ent. Ztg 42: 393424.Google Scholar
Strand, E. 1915. Neue Aberrationen der Noctuiden-Subfamilien Agrotinae und Cuculliinae. Arch. Naturgesch. 81A 12: 142148. Google Scholar
Strecker, H. 1899. Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, indigenous and exotic. Suppl. 2. Reading, Pa.Google Scholar
Todd, E. L. 1968. Selection of lectotypes for some species of Euxoa Hübner described by J. B. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 70: 263280.Google Scholar
Walkden, H. H. 1950. Cutworms, armyworms and related species attacking cereal and forage crops in the central Great Plains. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 849.Google Scholar
Walker, F. 1856. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 10. London.Google Scholar
Walker, F. 1865. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Parts 32 and 33. London.Google Scholar
Warren, W. 19091914. Die palaearktischen Eulen. In Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, ed. by Seitz, A., Vol. 3. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Wolff, N. L. 1964. The Lepidoptera of Greenland. Udgivne af Kommissionen for Videnskabelige Undersøgelser i Grønland. Vol. 159, No. 11. København.Google Scholar