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ARTHROPODS OF SPRINGS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANADA: SYNTHESIS AND NEEDS FOR RESEARCH

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

H.V. Danks  and
D. Dudley Williams
H.V. Danks
Affiliation:
Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4
D. Dudley Williams
Affiliation:
Division of Life Sciences, Scarborough Campus, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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Abstract

Springs include a great variety of habitats, because many possible geological and ecological conditions intersect in any given spring.Available information on the arthropod fauna shows that springs contain a limited number of species of diverse origins, including groundwater, stream, and water-film inhabitants. There is a substantial number of spring-specialist species, many of them in distinctive genera, reflecting many independent invasions of spring habitats by various groups and subgroups of aquatic arthropods. Most of this diversity is present in cold water springs, though smaller numbers of distinctive elements occur in hot or in saline springs. The specialists of coldwater springs tend to show adaptations such as cold stenothermy and limited dispersal, but different species possess different suites of adaptations to the habitat, reflecting their evolutionary history and biology.Faunal differences among springs result from geographical differences (many species, though not as many genera, differ between eastern and western Canada), but within a given region reflect the variety of habitats and microhabitats that exists. Such variety means that except in very broad terms it is not possible to establish workable “definitions” for the range of spring types. Rather, we recommend that biologists adopt a few key descriptors, based on source geometry, water supply, temperature, chemistry, and persistence, to provide useful information about the sites in which they collect. The term “spring” should be used conservatively, to apply only to the area immediately around the point of groundwater issue, because conditions change rapidly farther away from this point.Some needs for the inventory (and protection) of springs and for more extensive sampling are summarized. Further taxonomic studies are required in several characteristic groups. Ecological work on the specialized species confined to springs is likely to be especially instructive.

Résumé

Les sources composent une grande variété d'habitats, parce que plusieurs conditions géologiques et écologiques possibles s'entrecoupent pour chaque source donnée.

Les renseignements disponibles concernant la faune des arthropodes indiquent que les sources contiennent un nombre limité d'espèces d'origines différentes, y compris les habitants des nappes d'eau souterraines, des ruisseaux et des couches d'eau. Il existe un nombre considérable d'espèces spécialistes des sources, plusieurs appartenant à des genres distinctifs, qui indiquent beaucoup d'invasions indépendantes des habitats des sources par des groupes et des sous-groupes d'arthropodes aquatiques différents. Une grande partie de cette diversité est présente dans les sources d'eau froide, malgré que des nombres plus petits d'éléments distinctifs se retrouvent dans les sources chaudes ou saumâtres. Les spécialistes des sources d'eau froide ont tendance à démontrer des adaptations telles que la sténothermie et la distribution limitée, bien que des espèces différentes possèdent des ensembles d'adaptations différents à l'habitat, réflétant ainsi leur histoire évolutionnaire et leur biologie.

Les différences fauniques parmi les sources sont le résultat de différences géographiques (plusieurs espèces, mais pas de genres, diffèrent entre l'est et l'ouest du Canada), tandis que dans une région donnée, elles reflètent la variété d'habitats et de micro-habitats qui existent. Une telle variété signifie que, sauf dans les termes très larges, il n'est pas possible d'établir des «définitions» exploitables pour l'étendue des différentes sortes de sources. Au contraire, nous recommandons que les biologistes adoptent quelques décrivants-clé, basés sur la géométrie, l'approvisionnement en eau, la température, la chimie et la persistance des sources pour fournir les renseignements pertinants concernant les sites dans lesquels ils font la collection. Le terme «source» devrait être utilisé avec modération, s'appliquant seulement à la région immédiatement autour de la sortie d'eau de la nappe souterraine, puisque les conditions changent rapidement à mesure qu'on s'éloigne de ce point.

Quelques besoins pour l'inventaire (et la protection) des sources et pour des échantillonnages plus étendus ont été démontrés en résumé. D'autres études taxinomiques sont nécessaires pour plusieurs groupes caractéristiques. Les travaux écologiques touchant les espèces spécialisées vivant uniquement dans les sources seront probablement très instructifs.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 123 , Supplement S155 , 1991 , pp. 203 - 217
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1991

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