Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-08T10:38:13.549Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cooperation and competition among structural materials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2013

J.-P. Birat ,
M. Chiappini ,
C. Ryman  and
J. Riesbeck
Get access

Abstract

Materials have been invented by mankind in the course of prehistory and history and have evolved during this long period of time to fit the parallel changes in technological epistemes. Materials, therefore, have been a cumulative technological commodity, because of the continuity that this mechanism of change has ensured Structural materials, of which all anthropogenic artefacts are made and with which they are made (machines, process tools, etc.), have been more especially enduring and have carved themselves specific roles in our world that survive across major paradigm shifts and Kondratief cycles. Materials are analyzed here in terms of their physico-chemical nature (or physio-chemical in the case of natural, renewable materials) and of their footprints on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, two of the major lenses through which the sustainability of our economic world is presently observed. The picture that comes out of this examination is that of complementarity and cooperation between materials, with competition acting as a sting to avoid a slack in technology but no pushing any of them out of their market, at least globally. This cohabitation, akin to a natural selection mechanism in a global ecosystem, may be the real driver of dematerialization, a trend which population growth and urbanization forces on mankind.

Keywords

Structural materialssteelconcretemetalsaluminumplasticswoodmaterial competition
Type
Research Article
Information
Metallurgical Research & Technology , Volume 110 , Issue 1: Social Value of Materials , 2013 , pp. 95 - 129
Copyright
© EDP Sciences 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

J.P. Birat, The sustainability footprint of steelmaking by-products, to be published in Iron. Steel.
H. Lavelaine, J.-P. Birat,Exergy and Society: what metrics?, SAM-2, 2nd International Seminar on Society and Materials, 24 and 25 April 2008, Nantes, France, www.sovamat.org
J. Habermas, Le discours philosophique de la modernité, nrf, Editions Gallimard, 1988, 484 p.
J.-P. Birat, M. Chiappini, C. Ryman, J. Riesbeck, Technology offer for production of goods and services – Qualitative description of the links between social services and technologies in a post-carbon society and data for energy and CO2 intensity of materials, Deliverable D3 of the PACT project (FP7 program), June 2011, http://www.pact-carbon-transition.org/delivrables/D-3.pdf
http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/activities/sustainable_development/eippcb.cfm
www.ulcos.org
Cement Technology Roadmap 2009, Carbon emissions reductions up to 2050, WDCSD & IEA, 2009, pamphlet, 36 p.
J.M. Allwood, Sustainable Materials, with both eyes open, UIT Cambridge, 2012, 373 p.
M.A. Reuter, K. Heiskanen, U. Boin, A. van Schaik, E. Verhoef, Y. Yang, G. Georgalli, The metrics of materials and metal ecology: harmonizing the resource, technology and environmental cycles, Elsevier – Developments in Mineral Processing 16, 2005, 706 p.
F. Ashby, Materials and the Envrionment, Eco-informed Material Choice, Elsevier BH, 2009, 385 p.
Earth: Materials for Design, National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation (Miraikan), Apple App for iPad, 2011, http://www.miraikan.jst.go.jp/en/linkage/goodstool/materials_book.html
ArcelorMittal, own compilation, 2009
Material Intelligence, the Game, Granta Material Intelligence, 2008, www.grantadesign.com
www.worldsteel.org
Steel Committee, OECD, 13 December 2011, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/department/0,3355,en_2649_34221_1_1_1_1_1,00.html
E. Bellevrat, P. Menanteau, La Revue de Métallurgie-CIT (2009) 318-324
Keigo Akimoto (Group Leader, Systems Analysis Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)), Global Scenarios of Emission Reductions Toward Low Carbon Future – Iron and Steel Sector –, International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI, now worldsteel), CO2 Breakthrough Programme 8th Meeting of the Coordination Committee, Oita, Japan, September 5th, 2008
IEA, 2008, Energy Technology Perspectives – Scenarios and Strategies to 2050
H. Hiroki, D. Ichiro, M. Yasunari, A. Yoshihiro, Outlook of the world steel cycle based on the stock and flow dynamics, SAM4, Nancy, 2010
J.P. Birat, Steel sectoral report, UNIDO, http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_ Climate_Change/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/Stee_sectoral_ %20report.pdf
J.P. Birat, J.P. Lorrain, Y. de Lassat, La Revue de Métallurgie-CIT (2009) 325-336
P. Gugliermina, A. Jouet, J.P. Birat, K. Buttiens, Roadmap to carbon-lean steels, the 4th Biennial Academic Conference, BAC 2010, Shanghai, 2010
J.P. Birat, A. Carvallo, ArcelorMittal, personal Communication, 2012
J.-P. Birat, The future of CO2-lean steelmaking, Technology developments towards 2050, presented at Scenario 2050 for the Iron & Steel industry in Northern Europe, Luleå, 6/09/201, organized by SVEREA-MEFOS
AM, non published results
Life Cycle Assessment methodology report, Worldsteel association, 2011, 88 p.
J.P. Birat, N. Prum, K. Yonezawa, L. Aboussouan, La Revue de Métallurgie-CIT(2006) 50-61
Iain Millar (Tata Steel), personal communications in ULCOS, 6th Annual report, 2010 (confidential)
F. Saunier (CIRAIG), J.P. Birat (ArcelarMittal), personal communication, 2012
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative, http://www.ghgprotocol.org/
J.-P. Birat, Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the Steel Industry – Avenues open for a Responsible and Sustainable Management of Emissions, in Greenhouse Gases in the Metallurgical Industries: Policies, Abatement and Treatment, edited by C.A. Pickles, COM 2001, A 2001, Toronto, MetSoc, pp. 89-101
J.-P. Birat, CO2-lean steelmaking: ULCOS, other international programs and emerging concepts, EECRsteel2011, plenary, Düsseldorf, 2011
http://www.recycle-steel.org/
World Energy Outlook, IEA, 2010
J. Ruppert, CO2emissions from the Cement Industry, Technical developments and outlook, China-EU Workshop on Clean Technologies, 2010, Beijing
D.J. Barkera, S.A. Turnera, P.A. Napier-Moorea, M. Clarkb, J.E. Davisonc, CO2Capture in the Cement Industry, Energy Procedia, 2008, www.elsevier.com
www.novacem.com
www.calera.com
www.calix.com.au/
www.geopolymer.org
Étude Scénarios sous Contrainte Carbone , FONDDRI, Fondation pour le développement durable et les relations internationales, Rapport Complet, 2008
J.-M. Combes, Challenges for the Glass Industry, World Materials Perspectives, Nancy, 2011
E. Worrell, L. Price, M. Neelis, C. Galitsky, Z. Nan, World Best Practice Energy Intensity Values for Selected Industrial Sectors. s.l. : Ernest orlando Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory, 2008
http://www.plasticseurope.co.uk/
A. Fallot et al., La Revue de Métallurgie-CIT (2009) 410-418
J.P. Birat, Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas emissions in the Steel Sector, with a focus on biomass issues, III Conférencia regional sobre mudanças globais, América do Sul, Saõ Paulo, 2007
J.S. Thomas, Charcoal LCA, ULCOS Project, personal communication
Plato. Meno, Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 3 translated by W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1967
A.-L. Hettinger, J.-P. BIrat, O. Hechler, M. Braun, Comparison of two bridges made of steel and concrete, Stålbyggnad, 2011, pp. 32-34
http://www.pact-carbon-transition.org/