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Characterization of Micro- and Nanophase Separation of Dentin Bonding Agents by Stereoscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2012

Manuel Toledano ,
Monica Yamauti ,
Estrella Osorio ,
Francesca Monticelli  and
Raquel Osorio
Manuel Toledano*
Affiliation:
Materiales Dentales, Facultad de Odontología, Colegio Máximo, Campus de Cartuja sn, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
Monica Yamauti
Affiliation:
Materiales Dentales, Facultad de Odontología, Colegio Máximo, Campus de Cartuja sn, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
Estrella Osorio
Affiliation:
Materiales Dentales, Facultad de Odontología, Colegio Máximo, Campus de Cartuja sn, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
Francesca Monticelli
Affiliation:
Universidad de Zaragoza—Operatoria Dental, Calle Velodromo sn, Huesca, Huesca 22002, Spain
Raquel Osorio
Affiliation:
Materiales Dentales, Facultad de Odontología, Colegio Máximo, Campus de Cartuja sn, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: toledano@ugr.es
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Abstract

The aim was to study the effect of solvents on the phase separation of four commercial dental adhesives. Four materials were tested: ClearfilTM SE Bond (CSE), Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB), Clearfil S3 Bond (CS3), and One-Up Bond F Plus (OUB). Distilled water or ethanol was used as a solvent (30 vol%) for microphase separation studies, by stereoscopy. For nanophase images, the mixtures were formulated with two different solvent concentrations (2.5 versus 5 vol%) and observed by atomic force microscopy. Images were analyzed by using MacBiophotonics ImageJ to measure the area of bright domains. Macrophase separations, identified as a loss of clarity, were only observed after mixing the adhesives with water. Nanophase separations were detected with all adhesive combinations. The area of bright domains ranged from 132 to 1,145 nm2 for CSE, from 15 to 285 nm2 for CPB, from 149 to 380 nm2 for CS3, and from 26 to 157 nm2 for OUB. In water-resins mixtures, CPB was the most homogeneous and OUB showed the most heterogeneous phase formation. In ethanol-resin mixtures, CSE attained the most homogeneous structure and OUB showed the most heterogeneous phase. Addition of 5 vol% ethanol to resins decreased the nanophase separation when compared with the control materials.

Keywords

dental adhesive systemsphase separationpolymer structurepolymer solutionsatomic force microscopydentin bonding
Type
Biological and Biomedical Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 18 , Issue 2 , April 2012 , pp. 279 - 288
Copyright
Copyright © Microscopy Society of America 2012

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