Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:48:30.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparison of Anatomy and Composition Distribution between Normal and Compression Wood of Pinus Bungeana Zucc. Revealed by Microscopic Imaging Techniques

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2012

Zhiheng Zhang ,
Jianfeng Ma ,
Zhe Ji  and
Feng Xu
Zhiheng Zhang
Affiliation:
College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Jianfeng Ma
Affiliation:
College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Zhe Ji
Affiliation:
College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Feng Xu*
Affiliation:
College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China College of Light and Textile Industry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: xfx315@bjfu.edu.cn
Get access

Abstract

The anatomy and topochemistry in normal and compression wood tracheid cell wall of Pinus bungeana Zucc. were investigated by fluorescence microscopy and confocal Raman microscopy. Using fluorescence microscopy, the severity of compression wood was classed as a mild type for the reason that it did not contain all compression wood features. Chemical imaging by confocal Raman microscopy was used for analyzing the distribution of lignin and cellulose, as well as the functional groups of lignin in tracheid cell walls. By comparison with normal wood, highly lignified outer S2 layer [S2(L)], thicker S1 layer, and obviously reduced lignification in the middle lamella were characteristic of compression wood. In addition, smaller microfibril angle was observed in the S2(L) region. The distribution of coniferyl alcohol and coniferyl aldehyde in normal and compression wood was enriched in S1 and S2 layers but lack in cell corner and/or S2L regions, which showed an opposite pattern to lignin distribution. Confocal Raman microscopy with high spatial resolution contributes to a further understanding of the differences between normal and compression wood in polymers distribution and molecules orientation in situ.

Keywords

Pinus bungeana Zucc.fluorescence microscopyconfocal Raman microscopycompression woodlignin and celluloseconiferyl alcoholconiferyl aldehyde
Type
Biological Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 18 , Issue 6 , December 2012 , pp. 1459 - 1466
Copyright
Copyright © Microscopy Society of America 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

Current address: College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

References

Agarwal, U.P. (1999). An overview of Raman spectroscopy as applied to lignocellulosic materials. In Advances in Lignocellulosics Characterization, Argyropoulos, D.S. (Ed.), pp. 201–225. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press.Google Scholar
Agarwal, U.P. (2006). Raman imaging to investigate ultrastructure and composition of plant cell walls: Distribution of lignin and cellulose in black spruce wood (Picea mariana). Planta 224(5), 1141–1153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agarwal, U.P. & Ralph, S.A. (1997). FT-Raman spectroscopy of wood: Identifying contributions of lignin and carbohydrate polymers in the spectrum of black spruce. Appl Spectrosc 51(11), 1648–1655.Google Scholar
Agarwal, U.P. & Ralph, S.A. (2008). Determination of ethylenic residues in wood and TMP of spruce by FT-Raman spectroscopy. Holzforschung 62(6), 667–675.Google Scholar
Burdon, R.D. (1975). Compression wood in Pinus radiata clones on four different sites. N Z J For Sci 5(2), 152–164.Google Scholar
Côté, W.A., Day, A.C. & Timell, T.E. (1968). Studies on compression wood-part VII: Distribution of lignin in normal and compression wood of tamarack [Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch]. Wood Sci Technol 2(1), 13–37.Google Scholar
Donaldson, L.A. (1991). Seasonal changes in lignin distribution during tracheid development in Pinus radiata D. Don. Wood Sci Technol 25(1), 15–24.Google Scholar
Donaldson, L., Grace, J. & Downes, G. (2004). Within-tree variation in anatomical properties of compression wood in Radiata Pine . IAWA J 25(3), 253–271.Google Scholar
Donaldson, L., Hague, J. & Snell, R. (2001). Lignin distribution in coppice poplar, linseed and wheat straw. Holzforschung 55(4), 379–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, L., Radotić, K., Kalauzi, A., Djikanović, D. & Jeremić, M. (2010). Quantification of compression wood severity in tracheids of Pinus radiata D. Don using confocal fluorescence imaging and spectral deconvolution. J Struct Biol 169(1), 106–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donaldson, L., Singh, A., Yoshinaga, A. & Takabe, K. (1999). Lignin distribution in mild compression wood of Pinus radiate . Can J Bot 77(1), 41–50.Google Scholar
Edwards, H.G.M., Farwell, D.W. & Webster, D. (1997). FT Raman microscopy of untreated natural plant fibres. Spectrochim Acta A 53(13), 2383–2392.Google Scholar
Eriksson, I., Lidbrandt, O. & Westermark, U. (1988). Lignin distribution in birch (Betula verrucosa) as determined by mercurization with SEM- and TEM-EDXA. Wood Sci Technol 22(4), 251–257.Google Scholar
Fengel, D. & Wegener, G. (1984). Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Press.Google Scholar
Fergus, B.J., Procter, A.R., Scott, J.A.N. & Goring, D.A.I. (1969). The distribution of lignin in sprucewood as determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Wood Sci Technol 3(2), 117–138.Google Scholar
Fromm, J., Rockel, B., Lautner, S., Windeisen, E. & Wanner, G. (2003). Lignin distribution in wood cell walls determined by TEM and backscattered SEM techniques. J Struct Biol 143(1), 77–84.Google Scholar
Fukazawa, K. (1974). The distribution of lignin in compression and lateral wood of Abies sachalinensis using ultraviolet microscopy. Res Bull Coll Exp For Hokkaido Univ 31(1), 87–114.Google Scholar
Gierlinger, N., Luss, S., Konig, C., Konnerth, J., Eder, M. & Fratzl, P. (2010). Cellulose microfibril orientation of Picea abies and its variability at the micron-level determined by Raman imaging. J Exp Bot 61(2), 587–595.Google Scholar
Gierlinger, N. & Schwanninger, M. (2007). The potential of Raman microscopy and Raman imaging in plant research. Spectrosc Int J 21(2), 69–89.Google Scholar
Hänninen, T., Kontturi, E. & Vuorinen, T. (2011). Distribution of lignin and its coniferyl alcohol and coniferyl aldehyde groups in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris as observed by Raman imaging. Phytochemistry 72(14-15), 1889–1895.Google Scholar
Kwon, M., Bedgar, D.L., Piastuch, W., Davin, L.B. & Lewis, N.G. (2001). Induced compression wood formation in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in microgravity. Phytochemistry 57(6), 847–857.Google Scholar
Lange, P.W. (1954). The distribution of lignin in the cell wall of normal and reaction wood from spruce and a few hardwoods. Svensk Papperstidn 57(15), 525–532.Google Scholar
Mast, S.W., Donaldson, L., Torr, K., Phillips, L., Flint, H., West, M., Strabala, T.J. & Wagner, A. (2009). Exploring the ultrastructural localization and biosynthesis of beta(1,4)-Galactan in Pinus radiata compression wood. Plant Physiol 150(2), 573–583.Google Scholar
Nichols, J.W.P. (1982). Wind action, leaning stems and compression wood in Pinus radiata D. Don. Aust For Res 12(2), 75–91.Google Scholar
Olmstead, J.A. & Gray, D.G. (1997). Fluorescence spectroscopy of cellulose, lignin and mechanical pulps: A review. J Pulp Paper Sci 23(12), 571–581.Google Scholar
Parham, R.A. & Côté, W.A. (1971). Distribution of lignin in normal and compression wood of Pinus taeda L. Wood Sci Technol 5(1), 49–62.Google Scholar
Peng, F. & Westermark, U. (1997). Distribution of conifer alcohol and coniferaldehyde groups in the cell wall of spruce fibres. Holzforschung 51(6), 531–536.Google Scholar
Saka, S. & Goring, D.A.I. (1988). The distribution of lignin in white birch wood as determined by bromination with TEM–EDXA. Holzforschung 42(3), 149–153.Google Scholar
Saka, S., Whiting, P., Fukazawa, K. & Goring, D.A.I. (1982). Comparative studies on lignin distribution by UV microscopy and bromination combined with EDXA. Wood Sci Technol 16(4), 269–277.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M., Schwartzberg, A.M., Perera, P.N., Bargioni, A.W., Carroll, A., Sarkar, P., Bosneaga, E., Urban, J.J., Song, J., Balakshin, M.Y., Capanema, E.A., Auer, M., Adams, P.D., Chiang, V.L. & Schuck, P.J. (2009). Label-free in situ imaging of lignifications in the cell wall of low lignin transgenic Populus trichocarpa . Planta 230(3), 589–597.Google Scholar
Scott, J.A.N., Procter, A.R., Fergus, B.J. & Goring, D.A.I. (1969). The application of ultraviolet microscopy to the distribution of lignin in wood. Wood Sci Technol 3(1), 73–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, A.P. & Donaldson, L.A. (1999). Ultrastructure of tracheid cell walls in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) mild compression wood. Can J Bot 77(1), 32–40.Google Scholar
Sun, L., Simmons, B.A. & Singh, S. (2011). Understanding tissue specific composition of bioenergy feedstocks through hyperspectral Raman imaging. Biotechnol Bioeng 108(2), 286–295.Google Scholar
Takaoka, A. (1975). Scanning electron microscopic observations on compression wood. MA Thesis. Sapporo, Japan: Hokkaido University. Google Scholar
Tuomas, H., Eero, K. & Tapani, V. (2011). Distribution of lignin and its coniferyl alcohol and coniferyl aldehyde groups in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris as observed by Raman imaging. Phytochemistry 72(14-15), 1889–1895.Google Scholar
Westermark, U., Lidbrandt, O. & Eriksson, I. (1988). Lignin distribution in spruce determined by mercerization with SEM-EDXA technique. Wood Sci Technol 22(4), 243–250.Google Scholar
Wiley, J.H. & Atalla, R.H. (1987). Band assignments in the Raman spectra of celluloses. Carb Res 160(220), 113–129.Google Scholar
Wood, J.R. & Goring, D.A.I. (1971). The distribution of lignin in stem and branch wood of Douglas fir. Pulp Pap Mag Can 72(3), 95–102.Google Scholar
Yamashita, S., Yoshida, M. & Yamamoto, H. (2009). Relationship between development of compression wood and gene expression. Plant Sci 176(6), 729–735.Google Scholar
Yeh, T.F., Goldfarb, B., Chang, H.M., Peszlen, I., Braun, J.L. & Kadla, J.F. (2005). Comparison of morphological and chemical properties between juvenile wood and compression wood of loblolly pine. Holzforschung 59(6), 669–674.Google Scholar
Yumoto, M., Ishida, S. & Fukazawa, K. (1983). Studies on the formation and structure of the compression wood cells induced by artificial inclination in young trees of Picea glauca . Res Bull Coll Exp For 40(2), 409–454.Google Scholar