Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xm8r8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-26T20:11:43.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evaluating the Extender Characteristics of Some Local Materials in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria for Applications in the Paints Industry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 June 2019

Ifeoma Janefrances Umunakwe ,
Reginald Umunakwe ,
Victor Adeola Popoola ,
Uzoma Samuel Nwigwe  and
Akinlabi Oyetunji
Ifeoma Janefrances Umunakwe
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Reginald Umunakwe*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Victor Adeola Popoola
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Uzoma Samuel Nwigwe
Affiliation:
Laboratory SYMME, University of Savoy Mont Blanc, Annecy, France.
Akinlabi Oyetunji
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
*
*(Email: reginald.umunakwe@fuoye.edu.ng)
Get access

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained from three different locations; Ijapo, Ibule and FUTA North Gate in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The materials were dried, crushed and calcined by heating the samples in a muffle furnace to 850 °C, holding for three hours and and then brought out of the furnace to cool in the laboratory so that the organic and volatile matter escaped, and the oxide content increased. The calcined materials were milled with a ball mill and then sieved with 75 µm mesh size British standard sieves. The samples that passed through the sieves were collected for analysis to determine their extender characteristics through x-ray flouresence (XRF) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific gravity, oil absorption, pH and refractive index measurements as well as the determination of their resistance to chemicals. XRF results showed that materials are kaolinite in nature. XRD results showed the phase compositions of each sample as materials suitable for applications as extenders in the paints industry. SEM micrographs showed the homogeneity of the samples from Ijapo and FUTA North Gate while the sample from Ibule showed segregation of the phase compositions. The specific gravity, pH, oil absorption and refractive index of each material were within the range of those of commercial extenders used in the paints industry. The calcined materials were found to be resistant to various chemical media. The characterized materials will be suitable as extenders and pigments in the paints industry.

Keywords

ceramicbarrier layercoating
Type
Articles
Information
MRS Advances , Volume 4 , Issue 43: Characterization, Processing and Theory , 2019 , pp. 2355 - 2365
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Opara, P. N., “Production of textcoat and emulsion paints stainless for youth skill and entrepreneurship empowerment program”, Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 96-102, 2014.Google Scholar
Iwelunmo, C.. (2017). Paint manufacturers decry high cost, scarcity of raw materials , [The Daily Times, September 30]. Available: https://dailytimes.ng/paint-manufacturers-decry-high-cost-scarcity-raw-materials/ [Accessed: 1 March 2018].Google Scholar
Okon, A.. (2017). Paint manufacturers lament high cost, raw materials scarcity, [The Punch, September 29]. Available: https://punchng.com/paints-manufacturers-lament-high-cost-raw-materials-scarcity/ [Accessed: 1 March 2018].Google Scholar
Ahmed, N. M., “Comparative study on the role of kaolin, calcined kaolin and chemically treated kaolin in alkyd-based paint for protection of steel”, Pigment and Resin , vol. 42, pp. 3-14, 2013.10.1108/03699421311288715CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Igwe, I. O., Osuoha, G. and Nwapa, C., “Characterization and utilization of Eziulo clay as an extender in emulsion paint formulations”, Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering , vol. 5, pp. 174-184, 2017.10.4236/jmmce.2017.54015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewulonu, C. M., Igwe, I. O. and Onyeagoro, G. N., “Performance of local clay—titanuim dioxide core—shell extender pigments in alkyd paints”, Advances in Nanoparticles, vol. 5, pp. 90-102, 2016.10.4236/anp.2016.51011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chukwujike, I. C., and Igwe, I. O., “Extender properties of some Nigerian clays”, Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering , vol. 4, pp. 297-291, 2016.10.4236/jmmce.2016.45025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chukwujike, I. C., Igwe, I. O. and Onyeagoro, G. N., “Performance evaluation of local clay-extender pigment on alkyd paint formulations”, International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology , vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 30-41, 2016.Google Scholar
Chukwujike, I. C., Chukwuneke, J. L., Nwanonenyi, S. C. and Digitemie, I. E., “Effect of particle sized clay extender pigment on alkyd paint formulations”, Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology , vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 31-46, 2018.Google Scholar
Igwe, I. O., Ewulonu, C. M., Chikei, A. N. and Nicholas, B., “Performance evaluation of Aro-Ndizuogu local clay in alkyd paint production”, International Journal of Engineering and Technologies , vol. 7, pp. 87-93, 2016.10.18052/www.scipress.com/IJET.7.87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raheem, A. A. and Olowu, O. A., “Production of household paint using clay materials”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications , vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 085-093, 2013.Google Scholar
Odozi, T. O., Dore, R. and Onu, C. O., “Paint extenders based upon an indigenous clay”, Journal of Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers , vol. 5, pp. 34-40, 1986.Google Scholar
ASTM International, ASTM D 153 - 84, “Standard test methods for specific gravity of pigments”, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA, 1984.Google Scholar
ASTM International, ASTM D 281- 12(2016), “Standard test method for oil absorption of pigments by spatula rub-out”, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA, 2016.Google Scholar
ASTM International, ASTM D 34 – 08 “Standard Guide for Chemical Analysis of White Pigments”, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA, 2014.Google Scholar
ASTM International, ASTM D 1208- 96, “Standard Test Methods for Common Properties of Certain Pigments”, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA, 1996.Google Scholar
Lambourne, R., “Paint composition and applications — a general introduction”, in Paint and Surface Coatings Theory and Practice, Lambourne, R. and Strivens, T. (Eds.), 2nd ed. Abington, Cambridge CB1 6AH, England: Woodhead Publishing Limited., 1999, ch. 1, pp. 1 – 18.10.1533/9781855737006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M. D., “Paints and pigment”, (Wansbrough, H., Ed.), [The New Zeland Institute of Chemistry]. Available: https://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/polymers/10D.pdf [Accessed: 28 February 2018].Google Scholar
Woodridge, R., Principles of Paint Formulation. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1991, pp. 51- 52.10.1007/978-1-4615-3674-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiwari, S. and Saxena, M., “Use of fly ash in high performance industrial coating”, British Corrosion Journal , vol. 34, pp. 184-191, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anyiam, C. K. and Igwe, I. O., “Studies on the use of an industrial waste clay in alkyd paint formulations”, International Journal of Academic Research , vol. 4, p. 306, 2012Google Scholar
Igwe, I. O. and Ezeamaku, L. U., “The use of local clays in alkyd paint formulations”, Malysian Polymer Journal, vol. 5, pp. 81-94, 2010.Google Scholar
Miranda-Trevino, J. C. and Coles, C. A., “Kaolinite properties, structure and influence of metal retention on pH”, Applied Clay Science , vol. 23, pp. 133– 139, 2003.10.1016/S0169-1317(03)00095-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BASF the Chemical company. (2018) Performance minerals extenders for coatings and inks . [USA: BASF The Chemical Company]. Available: https://kaolin.basf.com/resources/downloads [Accessed: 15 July, 2018].Google Scholar
Murray, H. H.. "Industrial applications of Kaolin", Clay and Clay Minerals ,vol. 10, no 1, pp. 291-298, 1961.10.1346/CCMN.1961.0100124CrossRefGoogle Scholar