Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-24T08:13:50.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hierarchy in Extended Chain Polymers1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 February 2011

P. E. Klunzinger ,
R. K. Eby  and
W. W. Adams
P. E. Klunzinger
Affiliation:
The University of Akron Department and Institute of Polymer Science Akron OH, 44325-3909, USA
R. K. Eby
Affiliation:
The University of Akron Department and Institute of Polymer Science Akron OH, 44325-3909, USA
W. W. Adams
Affiliation:
Wright Research and Development Center Dayton OH 45433-6533, USA
Get access

Abstract

Rigid rod polymers are of potential use in fibers for composites because of their high specific tensile strength and modulus as well as their high thermal stability. Some other common properties of systems meeting these criteria are a nonlinear elasticity (increasing Young's modulus with increasing tensile stress) and a negative coefficient of thermal expansion along the fiber axis. In composites, these two properties can combine to cause an increase of Young's modulus with increasing temperature and can lead to yielding or interfacial failure. The source of the nonlinear elasticity resides at two length scales: 1) the scale of the crystallites, (the reversible realignment of the crystallites along the fiber axis with increasing stress), and 2) at the scale of the molecules, (an inherent nonlinear elasticity of the molecules themselves). The former effect is reviewed and computational results for the latter are presented along with computational results for the molecular origin of the negative coefficient of thermal expansion.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 255: Symposium Z – Hierarchically Structured Materials , 1991 , 119
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Dedicated to the memory of Donald R. Ulrich, colleague and friend.

References

1. Jiang, H., Arsenovic, P., Eby, R.K., Liu, J.M., Adams, W.W., Polymer Preprints, Japan (English Edition) 36 (5–10), E10–13 (1987).Google Scholar
2. Liu, J.M., Appl. Phys. Lett. 48 No. 7, 469–72 (1986).Google Scholar
3. Weinhold, P.D., Eby, R.K., and Liu, J.M., Proceedings 22 National SAMPE Technical Conference, 251–263 (1990).Google Scholar
4. Jiang, H., Eby, R.K., Adams, W.W., Lenhert, Galen, “Nonlinear Elasticity of Poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) Fibers”, in The Materials and Science and Engineering of Rigid-Rod Polymers, edited by Adams, W.W., Eby, R.K., Mclemore, D.E., (Mater, Res. Soc. Proc. 134, Pittsburgh, PA 1989). pp. 341–350.Google Scholar
5. Arsenovic, P., Jiang, H., Eby, R.K., Adams, W.W., Liu, J.M., in Carbon 1988, edited by McEnaney, B. and Mays, T.V., 485, (IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol 1988) p. 485.Google Scholar
6. Chatterjee, S.N., J. Comp. Mater., 23, 58, (1989).Google Scholar
7. Beetz, C.P. Jr., “Strain-Induced Stiffening of Carbon Fibres”, in Fiber Science and Technology, (Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1982) pp. 219–229.Google Scholar
8. Nukushina, Y., Matsui, J., Itoh, M., Sen-I Gakkaishi, 42, No. 3 T182–187 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Dietz, V.R. and Vaughan, W.H., Proceedings, 2 9th Conference, Reinforced Plastics Institute, (The Society of the Plastics Industry Inc., London 1974) Section 21-A, pp. 1–6.Google Scholar
10. Hughes, J.D.H., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 20, 276–284, (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Curtis, G.J., Milne, J.M., Reynolds, W.N., Nature, 220, 1024–1025 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Beetz, C.P. Jr., Budd, G.W., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 54 (9), September 219–229 (1983).Google Scholar
13. Voet, A., Morawski, J., Donnet, J., Carbon 13, 465–468 (1975).Google Scholar
14. Liu, J.M., Arsenovic, P., Jiang, H. and Eby, R.K., NSWC TR 87252, NSWC, Silver Spring MD 20903-5000 (1987).Google Scholar
15. Arsenovic, Peter, PhD Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, (1992) (to be published).Google Scholar
16. Hill, R., Proc. Phys. Soc. Ser. A, 65, 349 (1956).Google Scholar
17. Johnson, W., “The Structure of PAN Based Carbon Fibres and Relationship to Physical Properties”, in Handbook of Composites, Vol. 1-Strong Fibres, Edited by Watt, W. and Perov, B.V., (Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, 1985) p. 427.Google Scholar
18. Ozbek, S., Jenkins, G.M., and Isaac, D.H., in Proceeding and Program of Carbon 1991, edited by Thrower, P.A. (American Carbon Society 1991). p. 270.Google Scholar
19. Orac, T.H., Chang, C.F., in Proceeding and Program of Carbon 1991, edited by Thrower, P.A., (American Carbon Society 1991) p. 197.Google Scholar
20. Lusignea, R.W., Foster-Miller, R.W., Inc., “Film Processing and Applications for Rigid-Rod Polymers” in The Materials Science and Engineering of Rigid-Rod Polymers, edited by Adams, W.W., Eby, R.K., McLemore, D.E., (Mater. Res. Soc. 134, Pittsburgh, PA 1989) pp. 265–276.Google Scholar
21. Wierschke, S.G., AFWAL-TR-88-4201, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, Materials Lab, AFWAL, AFSC (1988); See also S.G. Wierschke, “Computational Predictions of the Tensile and Compressive Properties of Rigid-Rod Polymers”, in The Materials Science and Engineering of Rigid-Rod Polymers, edited by W.W. Adams, R.K. Eby, D. E. Mclemore, (Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. 134, Pittsburgh, PA 1989). pp. 313–327.Google Scholar
22. Hong, S.Y., Kertesz, M., Phys. Rev. B, 41, 368, (1990).Google Scholar
23. Brower, A.L., Sabin, J.R., Crist, B., Ratner, M.A., International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, XVIII, 651–654 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Crist, B., Ratner, M.A., Brower, A.L., Sabin, J.R., J. Appl. Phys. 50(10), 6047–6051(1979).Google Scholar
25. Tashiro, K., Kobayashi, M., Macromolecules, 24, 3706 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Rutledge, G.C., Suter, U.W., Polymer (1990); Macromolecules 24, 1921 (1991).Google Scholar
27. Klei, H.E., Stewart, J.J.P., Int. J. Quant. Chem. 20, 529–540 (1986).Google Scholar
28. Dewar, J.J.S., Thiek, W.J., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 4899 (1977).Google Scholar
29. Stewart, J.J.P., MOPAC, QCPE program #455.Google Scholar
30. Montgomery, D. C., Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1991).Google Scholar
31. Reference 5 lists data for P-25,P-55,P-75,P-100 and p-120. The nonlinear elasticity of P-25 is not included in Table 1. The large observed NLE at 23 °C (97 GPa at a stress of 0.11 MPa) less the predicted NLE (44 GPa at the same stress) yields a residual NLE of 53 GPa. This suggests that a third mechanism might be operating in this sample. The increase of the NLE of P-55 and P-75 with temperature is consistent with this hypothesis. That for P-55 approaches that of P-25 at 210 0 C and that for P-75 has increased considerably at 450°C1,5,18,19. Thus, there might be another mechanism of NLE which is a function of temperature as well as some of the parameters which vary with fiber processing (crystal size, orientation, perfection, c dimension, etc). For example motion and pinning of basal dislocations have been considered11,32,33. The modulus given in the last two references is observed to increase in the same temperature range as that for the pitch-based fibers in the present work1,5,14,15. The results for P-120 are not included in Table 1 because all the experimental errors would make the uncertainty of the residual value to be used for column three too large.Google Scholar
32. Taylor, R.E., Kline, D.E. and Walker, P.L. Jr., Carbon, 6, 333 (1968).Google Scholar
33. Millet, P., Schaller, R. and Benoit, W., de Physique, J., Collogue C10, 12 Dec., C10–405 (1985).Google Scholar
34. Klunzinger, P.E., Macturk, K.S., Eby, R.K. and Adams, W.W., Polymer Preprints, 32, No. 2, 187 (1991). See also P.E. Klunzinger, R.K. Eby, W.W. Adams and John M. Liu, Proceeding and Program of Carbon 1991, edited by P.A. Thrower, (American Carbon Society 1991) p. 546.Google Scholar
35. Klunzinger, P.E., Green, K.A., Eby, R.K., Farmer, B.L., Adams, W.W., Czornyj, G., in Tech. Papers XXXVII (Society of Plastics Engineers, Brookfield, CT 1991) pp. 1532–156.Google Scholar
36. Sheaffer, P. M., in Proceeding and Program of Carbon 1987, edited by Thrower, P.A., (American Carbon Society 1987). pp. 20–21.Google Scholar
37. Yasuda, E., Tanabe, Y., Machino, H. and Takaku, A., in Proceeding and Program of Carbon 1987, edited by Thrower, P.A. (American Carbon Society 1987) pp. 30–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar